Judicial Activism Vs. Judicial Restraint - 2718 Words

Judicial Activism Introduction When researching for texts written about Judicial Activism, one comes across various authors who wrote and published works about the topic. These works are mainly journals, pamphlet, brochures, newspapers, magazines, and articles. Before delving into the subject matter, Judicial Activism, it is important first to understand what judicial philosophy means. Judicial philosophy can be described as the way that a judge cognizes and interprets the law. Even though laws are universal, they should be applied to particular cases with unique conditions. To conduct this, the law is interpreted by the judge, who determine its meaning and at times the intention of people who wrote it. Among the major types of judicial†¦show more content†¦Judicial activism critics in America claim that the law courts mustn’t assume the authority to intervene in issues that involve ethical and political decisions, thereby disregarding the democracy’s fundamental principles. Contrariwise, a court is, on occasion, considered exaggeratedly restrained and passive the moment it refrains from defending the rule of law at large and individual liberties. This paper’s goal is to look at the various dimensions of judicial activism, for instance, its history and the cases supporting it. It will also look into how judicial activism plays a role in the government, and why there is a necessity for more judges who are activists. The paper will also compare judicial activism with judicial restraint as well as explain which philosophy among the two is more preferable. Judicial Activism As stated earlier, judicial activism is when a court doesn’t confine itself to an interpretations of laws that is reasonable, but rather create laws. Thus, judicial activism refers to judicial rulings assumed to be based on political or personal considerations instead of on the existing law. As seen, the judicial activism essence is when a decision of a judge in a case is grounded upon her political or personal social beliefs, instead of interpreting the law as it is. Basically, the judge alters the law. Rather than saying a certain behavior

Conflicts in Hills Like White Elephants - 1539 Words

Conflicts in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† The story begins with a man known as the â€Å"American† and his girlfriend sitting at a table outside of a train station. The station is surrounded by hills, trees, and fields in Spain. The couple is waiting for the next train to Madrid. Throughout the story there is an inner conflict with the girl as well as an external conflict between the girl and the American. They speak of an operation that must be done for them to be happy together. This couple is at a critical point in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. The train they are waiting for is an express train, which means once she gets on it there is no turning back. The girl views having the child as a blessing and†¦show more content†¦He tells her that she does not have to have the operation, but tells her it is the best thing to do. The girl begins to think, â€Å"And if I do it youll be happy and things will be okay like they were and youll love me† (Hemingway 107)? He r eassures her that he loves her now. Jig is more realistic about the situation and the consequences in front of her. She knows that she is going to make the ultimate decision, although she is asking for reassurance from the American(Short Stories for Students). The girl also knows that regardless of her situation, their relationship might not work out anyway. The choice to abort or not abort the baby ultimately leaves her with the same consequence: life without the American. The girl continues with â€Å"Then Ill do it. Because I dont care about me† (Hemingway 108). Saying she will do the operation in hopes of saving their relationship. â€Å"The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station†(Hemingway 108). She begins to look around at the scenery and wonder if they could really be happy after the operation. The man states that he does not want anyone but her, and he does not want anyone else because he knows it is perfectly simple (Hemingway 108), meaning that he does not want the baby, he only wants her. The girl then makes the American promise her to stop talking and changes the subject by ordering another beer. The waiter tells the couple that the train will beShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants Conflict Analysis795 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruct a conclusion towards the plot of any reading. Incidentally, the short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway exemplifies the cohesive idea of being concise w ith their chosen words. Author Ernest Hemingway, expresses the quarrel between the main characters about one life changing solution that leads the reader to imply the struggle they’re endearing. However, throughout any context, conflict can strongly influence the plot of the story through 3 main ways: man vs. man, man vsRead MoreConflict Between Two Characters : Hills Like White Elephants863 Words   |  4 PagesCause of Conflict Between Two Characters: Hills Like White Elephants In Hills Like White Elephants, Ernest Hemingway tells a vague yet concentrated story about a crisis in a couple’s relationship that is left open for the reader’s interpretation. The story opens at a Spanish train station, with a brief description of the scenery at the river Ebro and the white hills that lay behind it. An American couple have drinks at the bar while awaiting their train, bickering about seemingly nothing. The twoRead More Communicating Conflict in Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants 1262 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚   Ernest Hemingways short story Hills Like White Elephants touches on an issue as ageless as time: communication problems in a relationship. He tells his story through conversations between the two main characters, the American and the girl. Conflict is created through dialogue as these characters face what most readers believe to be the obstacle of an unexpected pregnancy. Their plight is further complicated by their inability to convey their differing opinions to each other. Symbolism andRead MoreVdcdc1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe White Elephant? Have you ever been forced to make a life altering decision? A decision where you much choose one option or the other? The short story Hills Like White Elephants depict a situation in which many, if not all readers can relate to at one point in their lives. The author Ernest Hemingway describes this scenario with a young couple who are at a crossroads in their life, and they are unsure of the future. The young couple are forced, but shying away from the rather large â€Å"white elephantRead Moreâ€Å"the Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† Regardless of the type of society people live in controversial topics and cowardly individuals can create conflict. The stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway implement this concept. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds an annual lottery in which the winner will be killed. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is the story of a couple’s discussion over the decision they must make of whether orRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Short Story ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway.1497 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the short story ‘Hills like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway. Word Count: 1367 Hills like White Elephants – Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Will Jig have the abortion and stay with the man; will Jig have the abortion and leave the man; or will Jig not have the abortion and win the man over to her point of view?† (Hashmi, N, 2003). These are the three different scenarios that have been seriously considered in Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. Ernest Hemingway is aRead MoreComparing The Lottery and Hills Like White Elephants Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesComparing â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson is a story based off of its point of view, the story would not be told or understood in the same way if it was written in a different point of view. This story keeps the interest of its readers because it has a point of view where only the people in the story know whats going to happen and know more information than the readers do. If this story was written in first person the readers would knowRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea885 Words   |  4 Pagesstories. Ernest Hemingway author of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and other works, such as, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† and â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† has made many accomplishments throughout his writing career. His novel â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953. Hemingway also received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. Hemingway’s works are great examples of stories that displays the five stages of fiction. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† was published in 1927 in Hemingway’sRead More Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald1562 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald At first glance it seems that the two short stories â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† by F. Scott Fitzgerald have absolutely nothing in common other than being

The Future of Biopsychology-Obesity free essay sample

Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The knowing submission of another persons work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. PSY5106Dr. Nicol Moreland BiopsychologyAssignment 8 Faculty Use Only The Future of Biopsychology- Obesity Consuela Kelly-Crisler Northcentral University Biopsychology PSY5106 Dr. Nicol Moreland December 9, 2012 A person is considered obese when his or her weight is 20% or more above normal weight. The most common measure of obesity is the body mass index or BMI. A person is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29. 9; a person is considered obese if his or her BMI is over 30. Morbid obesity means that a person is either 50%-100% over normal weight, more than 100 pounds over normal weight, has a BMI of 40 or higher, or is sufficiently overweight to severely interfere with health or normal function (What is Obesity? 2012). Obesity occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. For many people this boils down to eating too much and exercising too little. But there are other factors that also play a role in obesity. People tend to gain weight as they get older, even if they don’t alter their eating habits. This is because the human metabolism slows down as we age. We don’t need to take in as many calories as we used to in order to maintain the same weight. Therefore, we store more of the food we take in as fat. Women tend to be overweight more often than men because men tend to burn calories at a higher rate (What is Obesity? 012). Obesity and thinness seems to have a have a nature versus nurture component. If a patient’s biological mother is heavy as an adult, there is approximately a 75% chance that she will be heavy. Likewise, the children of thin parents have a 75% chance of being thin (What is Obesity? 2012). This doesn’t mean that the child of obese pa rents has to be obese, though. Many find ways to keep the weight off. Genetics are important, but lifestyle choices such as eating and exercise habits are, too. Less active people tend to require less calories than more active people; they don’t need as much fuel because they’re doing less work. Physical activity also causes the body to burn calories faster on average, and decreases appetite. People exercising less is thought to be a leading cause of obesity over the last 20 years. Psychological factors also influence eating habits and obesity. Many people eat in response to negative emotions such as boredom, sadness, or anger. People who have difficulty with weight management may be facing more emotional and psychological issues; about 30% of people who seek treatment for serious weight problems have difficulties with binge eating. During a binge-eating episode, people eat large amounts of food while feeling they cant control how much they are eating. (Obesity Facts, 2012) Obesity can be caused by illness, though people blame more cases of obesity on illness than is actually true. Illnesses sometimes responsible for obesity include hypothyroidism (poorly acting thyroid slows metabolism), depression, and some rare diseases of the brain that can lead to overeating. Social factors, including poverty and a lower level of education, have been linked to obesity. One reason for this may be that high-calorie processed foods cost less and are easier to find and prepare than healthier foods, such as fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the link between low socioeconomic status and obesity has not been conclusively established, and recent obesity research shows that childhood obesity, for instance, is also increasing among high-income groups. The best methods of obesity treatment are dieting and physical exercise. Obese people should adjust their diet to reduce fat and sugar consumption, and increase dietary fiber. Anti-obesity drugs can also be effective in conjunction with a healthy diet, reducing one’s appetite and/or fat absorption. Some obese people require stomach or bowel reduction surgery in order to lose weight. The smaller stomach allows them to consume less food and still feel full. Obesity is a leading worldwide cause of preventable death, and authorities view it as one of the most serious health problems of this century. While in some cultures, obesity is a sign of prosperity and childbearing, in the Western world, it is frequently viewed negatively. While whether to consider obesity as its own separate disease is a matter of some debate, it is certainly a factor in many physical and mental ailments. Obesity is associated with angina, myocardial infarction and between 21 and 34% of ischemic heart disease, depending on which research you read. Body-mass index levels associated with obesity also double a person’s risk of heart failure and deep-vein thrombosis and cause over 85% of cases of hypertension (five times the normal risk). Obesity is also associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol and lower levels of HDL. Obesity also has a variety of dermatological affects, including stretch marks, acanthosis nigricans, lymphedema, cellulitis, hirsutis and intertrigo (Bray, 2004). Obesity has also been shown to be linked with type 2 diabetes in 64% of cases in men and 77% of women’s. Sixty percent of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome are obese, as are six percent of the infertile. Obesity is related to many complications in pregancy, including hemorrhage, infection, increased hospital stays for the mother and increased NICU requirements for the infant. Obese women are twice as likely to require a Cesarean section and are at a high risk of preterm births and low birth weight infants. Children born of obese women have a greater risk of anencephaly and spina bifida, cardiovascular anomalies, including septal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, anorectal malformation, limb reduction anomalies, and hydrocephaly (Haslam, 2005). Obese women have a nearly double risk of stroke compared to normal-weight women, while men have twice as great a chance. Those who are obese have a rate of dementia 1. times greater than those of normal weight. Women obese at the age of eighteen have a greater than double chance of contracting multiple sclerosis. Obesity has also been shown to cause approximately five percent of cancers, including breast, ovarian, esophageal, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, gallbladder, stomach, endometrial, cervical, prostate, kidney, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and multiple myeloma (Bray, 2004). In addition to these physical effects, obes e people are less likely to get married and make thousands less than their normal-weight counterparts, on average. Depression is also linked to obesity, though an increase in BMI has been linked to a decrease in the risk of suicide. Several studies suggest that many physicians treat obese patients differently. In a 1969 survey of physicians, obese patients were described as weak-willed, ugly, awkward, and self-indulgent. In a more recent physician survey, one of three doctors said they respond negatively to obesity, behind three other diagnostic/social categories: drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental illness. A comparable study found that two-thirds of doctors believe obese patients lack self-control, and 39 percent feel they are lazy. Two studies of nurses showed similar results. These attitudes carry over into the work world, where a job or a promotion is often denied simply because of how much one weighs. Obesity research and treatment is a very provocative subject. A 2011 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association proposes that states consider removing obese children above the 99th percentile from their homes. The author views temporary foster care as part of the remedy for childhood obesity by providing an environment where the children would be exposed to proper nutrition and activity levels. During the separation period, the parents could also be educated on the best ways to assist their child in coping with their issue. Due to the relationship between obesity and low income (low income families can’t easily afford nutritious food, and low earners are often distracted from their family issues, whether by a second job, or by concerns like drug or alcohol abuse) and education (low income families usually aren’t as educated, which bleeds over into health issues like obesity) this solution seems severe but grounded in science. Detractors point out that the home environment is only one contributing factor to obesity, and that a child’s obesity isn’t automatically considered abuse under the law. They cite studies showing that children get more of their food away from home, limiting the influence of even educated and involved parents. Also, neither the potential effectiveness of the proposal in terms of reducing obesity or the potential harm to the family unit caused by the removal have been substantiated. Psychological damage could in fact be inflicted, both to the parents and child, by causing them to feel at fault for the obesity. This could lead to self-esteem issues, depression and more. This is without even taking into consideration the harm done by taking a child away from his or her parents, even on a temporary basis. Another treatment, as novel as the last if not as heavy-handed, is the potential for virtual-reality treatment of obesity. Virtual reality, also being used to treat psychological disorders like anxiety and addiction, allows clinicians to offer exposure therapy in the comforts of their own offices without the problems sometimes posed by actual exposure. The benefit to the patient comes from being in a safe environment where they can let themselves connect emotionally with the treatment. Virtual reality has already been shown to induce a variety of controlled changes in the body, to include the sensation of a fake limb or an out of body experience. Researchers have even used virtual reality to give male subjects the feeling of being in a female body. From this point, its only a small leap to giving an obese person the sensation of being in a a normal-weight body. In one experiment, scientists discovered the neural systems involved in VR improvement of body image. This, combined with an adaptation of therapy used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, is being used the help patients identify and change habits contributing to eating disorders and obesity. The first twenty minutes of the VR sessions are used for the therapist to get an understanding of the patients concerns and experiences related to food. The patient does most of the talking, while the therapist guides the session. The second twenty minutes are devoted to the actual VR session. The simulation can create a number of environments, like a classroom, apartment, or pub, to recreate some of the experiences the patient detailed to the therapist. The simulation also includes a body-image room, where the patient can create an ideal VR body and compare it to their real one. The last twenty minutes are used to discuss the patients VR experience. In terms of ethical considerations, the first needs to be how much the government, communities and families are obligated to ensuring obese people get the treatment they need. It is very easy to dismiss obese people as having â€Å"done it to themselves,† since many cases could simply be prevented by eating better and exercising more. Mental illnesses are, by and large, viewed differently by much of the public than physical ailments. A person who doubled in size due to a war injury that prevented them from exercising, for instance, would likely garner more sympathy than a person who simply doubled in size because they went to McDonalds four times a week. This, of course, influences the discussion on how much the government should be obligated to pay for medical care of the obese. Much like the arguments against smokers being covered by public assistance against the effects of their bad habit, a case can be made for whether tax dollars should pay for an obese persons weight-reduction surgery or triple bypass. While the legitimacy of these concerns can probably never be agreed upon yet by the majority, the governments responsibility to educate people on preventative measures and healthy choices cannot be minimized, and the effects of those programs should not be overlooked. Some scientists acknowledge the responsibility of the obese for their conditions, but believe that it should only be a treatment focus if it did not harm the patients mental health. Those scientists also take issue with the public opinion stigma against obese people, due to the additional burden it places on patients. In the Western world especially, obese people are often considered lazy, overeaters or both. It is not ethical to assume this is true in all cases, those researchers say, and not ethical to create policy or legislation based on those assumptions, either. Those assumptions can only be used positively in the shaping of preventative suggestions (anyone will benefit from more exercise and better eating, obese or not, so its acceptable to suggest them to everyone). Another consideration is what obese patients themselves consider acceptable in terms of treatment. Studies sow that obese adults prefer interventions that are non-commercial, dont fall back on common stereotypes and promote lifestyle changes (health initiatives and exercise) rather than simple weight loss (dieting, bariatric surgery). Care should be taken to ensure that treatment of obese patients does not impact their mental health negatively, by reinforcing social stigmas, negative self-image, instilling disregard for the positive social and cultural aspects of eating, disregarding the patients privacy and personal freedom in decision-making. One model, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics stewardship model of public health, recommends public programs that do not attempt to coerce adults to lead healthy lives, minimize introduction of interventions with-out consent; and minimize interventions that are unduly intrusive and in con? ct with personal values. The stewardship model also incorporates an intervention ladder, ranging from ‘no intervention’ to ‘eliminating choice’ altogether. Eliminating choice, under this model, would be reserved for serious public health issues, such as an infectious patient requiring quarantine in order to ensure the safety of the general population—someth ing obviously more serious than an obese patient. Restricting choice would take the form of removing unhealthy ingredients or foods from stores and restaurants (as in the recent limit on the size of fountain drinks in New York City). Guiding through disincentives or incentives is on another level of the spectrum, by making it not worth a persons effort to do something, or vice versa—higher medical insurance premiums for obese people who are doing it to themselves, for example. It is a model that clearly illustrates ways in which the government can support public health without becoming overbearing and infringing on peoples rights. In summary, obesity is a major public health issue with far reaching consequences to a fair majority of the population. It is detrimental to those who suffer from it, both mentally and physically. Its physical effects are literally a head-to-toe list of increases risks of illness and injuries. Its mental effects include damage to patients self-image, which can bleed over into how the patient deals with work, social situations, parenting and every other aspect of life. There are numerous factors involved in an obese persons condition; genetics, upbringing, cultural values and mores, living environment and socio-economics. Some people become obese due to pre-existing medical concerns, while others achieve the condition by eating the wrong things and not exercising enough. Once they do reach an obesity-qualifying body-mass index level, they can expect (in the Western world, at least), they can be expected to be held responsible for their condition no matter how it was reached, and to be treated differently simply because theyre not at a normal weight. Treatments for obesity range from the tried-and-true to the newfangled and from therapeutic to overbearing, with varying degrees of efficacy. Some involve the government, while others simply a life coach, dietician or trainer. Opinions on how to handle obesity fall at varying points on a wide spectrum. The most logical source of information on how obese people should be treated—obese people themselves—tend to prefer an approach that helps them change their lives as a whole in order to lose weight and prevent harmful behaviors, rather than one that consists merely of a change in diet with no measures against become obese again at a later date. The ethical concerns in treating obesity include how to best treat obesity without making the patient feel worse about their problem and how much responsibility should be borne by someone other than the obese person themselves (i. . , the government). Future treatments for obesity may very well take a more holistic approach rather than simply tackling the separate components of diet and exercise. Scientists have taken steps toward mapping the areas of the brain involved with impulse control and self-image, and developing ways of modifying behaviors using this information may prove useful in stemming the tide. Similar discoveries may fuel new ways of educating people on how to prevent obesity in the future as well, rather than only ways of reversing it after the fact. And of course, the more understanding we have of obesity and its causes, the more tolerant and accepting we should become as a whole towards people suffering from it. References What is Obesity? (2012) Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity Bray GA (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity. Lancet Childhood Obesity Prevention. (2012). In Root Cause. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://rootcause. org/childhood-obesity-prevention Obesity Facts, Causes, Emotional Aspects and When to Seek Help. (2012). In WebMD. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity? page=2 Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Hahler B (June 2006). An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient. Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (June 2008). Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (April 2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U. S. adults. Relationship Between Poverty and Overweight or Obesity. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://frac. org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/are-low-income-people-at-greater-risk-for-overweight-or-obesity/ Meetoo D. The imperative of human obesity: an ethical reflection. Br J Nurs 2010; 19: 563–8. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues. London: Nuff ield Council on Bioethics; 2007. Available at: http://www. nuffieldbioethics. org/public-health (Cited 9 December 2011).

Radio Station Research Essays - Radio Formats, Target Corporation

Radio Station Research Radio Station Research Table of Contents Introduction 2 Scope of the Study 3 Methods Used 3 Results 5 Age 5 Time of Day 6 Location 8 Recommendations 10 Target Format 10 Target Location 11 Bibliography 12 Introduction Music is a general love of almost every college student. Many develop their personalities, profiles, and various other tastes based on their listening choices. In general, many college students acquire the same spectrum of listening values. If a radio station, one that wishes to target the college student population, can discover the musical preferences of the general population of students, they will be able to grow within the specific market. Since the target market is of a personality of the student, generally a crowd that has the same likes and dislikes as his/her peers; the target musical format should be fairly easy to determine. Unlike the 25-33 crowd or 40 and up crowd, where their musical preferences range far and wide, each college student has almost the same understanding of their values. Possible reasons for this may be peer pressure or self-morale gains, yet it still exists among the college crowd. Thus, a common format may be simpler for a station targeting the college format. The station will be able to gain knowledge for its possible advertisers by analyzing its target population's needs and wants. Plus, they will be able to acknowledge the possible locations of the students, where they go and what they do. The ultimate goal is to find out where the students are spending their money, so advertising can be solicited into purchasing radio time. Advertisers wish to have some "concrete" data when analyzing which station they wish to spend their money on through airtime. The purpose of this study is to give the possible clients the facts placed in front of them as well as educate them as to where our target is going and the possibilities of gathering our target audience to their place of business. Consumer behavior will come into play in the study, since part of the goal is to gather information on the needs and wants of the consumer, or radio listener. Analysis of behavior is more difficult to determine, because the data collected is based on values and personal judgment. Little data collected will be concrete, since the student will be revealing based on opinions, not facts. However, opinions sometimes hold strong enough to reach a borderline to fact. Scope of the Study The study was a descriptive design with an emphasis on the listening preferences of college students. Data was acquired as to which brand of music, or radio format, is most appealing to college students, such as alternative, rock, country, RB, etc. Also, data was collected regarding the basic needs of the students as well as the distances they wished to travel to acquire their needs. Other gatherings included the desired radio format, amount of interest in the radio, impact of personalities, and several shopping tastes the student has. Analysis of the location of the target, how often they listen to the radio, what time they listened to the radio, and traveling distance, both overall and for necessities, were acquired to gain a general knowledge of the target market. Methods Used The main source of the study was through conducting a survey. A survey was offered randomly to college students on the campus of the University of Nevada-Reno. The sampling was nonprobability-random, because of the nature of the issuance of the surveys. However, coverage was broad, because the survey was issued to students ranging from freshman to senior. After the survey was conducted, a total of 57 surveys were collected. The information from the surveys included questions such as their listening preferences, time of day they listen to the radio, amount of time spent listening to the radio, and where they spend the most amount of time listening to the radio, such as in their car, at home, at work, or at school. Next, students were asked several questions in regards to their favorite radio formats. Such questions included were their favorite morning show, type of morning show they most desire, and how much of an impact the radio personality, or disc jockey, placed on the student. These questions were used to determine the students' tastes in format as well as how much of an impact the format places on them. Also, demographics of the students, age, marital status, gender, and ethnicity, were collected. The data collected will help determine a possible correlation between the student and the other categorical questions. Another important factor placed on the survey was the location of the student. If one can determine the general concentrated population area of most students, they will be able

Risk Factors for Deliberate Self

Introduction Deliberate self-harm is one of the fields in research that have received little attention from scholars and academicians in general. This is despite the fact that this behavior is becoming more evident among youths and especially college going students.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several factors that have been identified by the few studies that have been conducted in this field as being the major causes of this kind of behavior. It is against this backdrop that three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston carried out a self-report study that sought to identify and analyze the risk factors behind deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America. This is a review of the article that the three scholars (Gratz, Conrad Roemer, 2002) wrot e to report on the findings of their study. This review will specifically address three aspects of the article and the study that is reported therein. The first will be the construct of the investigation, where the operationalization of the construct will be addressed. The second will be the methods used in the study, with specific analysis of the research design, the independent and dependent variables. The last will be the results of the study, where an outline of the statistical methods that the three scholars used will be analyzed. Construct of the Investigation In a study, a construct can be viewed as the concept that the study revolves around, or the concept that is addressed by the study. The researcher conceptualizes the construct by refining it and rendering it a conceptual and theoretical definition (Atkinson, 2008). After conceptualization, the researcher then goes ahead and conducts operationalization of the construct. Here, the investigator makes the conceptual definiti on of the construct more specific by creating a link between it and an indicator (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Gratz, Conrad Roemer (2002), the construct of their study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among college students. This is the concept that is addressed by this study. They conceptualize this construct as the â€Å"deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue† (Gratz et al, 2002: p128) where the individual harbors no conscious intent to commit suicide. This action on the part of the individual leads to injuries that may be so severe as to cause tissue damage. Gratz et al (2002) operationalize their construct by linking it to several indicators that they refer to as the risk factors to deliberate self-harm. The investigators operationalize deliberate self-harm by making the assertion that it is the kind of outcome that is li kely to be brought about by four risk factors in the life of the individual. These are childhood separation and loss, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, quality of attachment to caregivers and dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Methods used in the Study Gratz et al (2002) used a self-report design to carry out their study. This is whereby the respondents were given questionnaires to complete on their own. The questionnaires contained questions designed to make the respondents report on their opinions, views and status regarding several attributes that the researchers were interested in (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the research design of the study is concerned, the three scholars used a sample of 133 students drawn from undergraduate psychology courses in the univ ersity (Gratz et al, 2002). The participants were given a questionnaire with several measures to complete. These included the deliberate self-harm inventory measure, the abuse and perpetration inventory, the disruptions in attachment survey, the parental bonding index among others (Gratz et al, 2002). The study also had both independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in the study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among the respondents. The independent variable in this case is attribute in nature. This is given the fact that the researchers did not manipulate it during the study (Atkinson, 2008). The study has four dependent variables or criterion measures. These are the risk factors that the researchers identify as the ones leading to deliberate self-harm. These are childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood separation and loss, perceived quality of attachment to caregivers and finally, dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Results of the Study One of th e significant findings of this study is the prevalence of self-harm among the respondents. 38 percent of the students reported that they had a history of self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002: p132). Several statistical methods were used by the three investigators in this study. This included correlational analysis to determine the link between deliberate self-harm frequency and each of the four risk factors that had been identified. Most of the risk factors that had been identified were found to be significantly correlated with the frequency of deliberate self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholars also carried out a multiple regression analysis to determine the unique predictive value of each of the identified risk factors. Other variables within this model were controlled. The risk factors were found to be significantly related to deliberate self-harm among the respondents. Conclusion This review focused on the article reporting the findings of a self-report study carried out by three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. The scholars were interested in the analysis of risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America, taking the university as their sample group. The scholars identified four risk factors and designed a study aimed at finding out the relationship between them and deliberate self-harm. These were childhood abuse, dissociation, childhood separation and loss, and attachment to caregivers such as parents. References Atkinson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of social research. 2nd ed. New York: F ree Press. Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., Roemer, L. (2002). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college student. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 128-140. This report on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review was written and submitted by user Scarlett N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays

Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay This faculty will turn to the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. This context includes a scope of bureaus working with grownups and immature individuals who are involved in piquing and bureaus who work with the victims of offense. Social Work within the condemnable justness context can therefore affect direct work with people who have offended, for illustration working as a Probation Officer or working in a voluntary sector administration that provide services to people involved in the condemnable justness system. It besides involves working with kids and households who may be involved in the condemnable justness system or affected by offense. The faculty will cover the context and scenes of societal work in the condemnable justness system, the rules, methods and intercessions of working with piquing behavior ; appraisal in condemnable justness contexts ; the impact of offense and working with kids and immature people in the condemnable justness system. A committedness to anti-oppressive pattern underpins the faculty and pupils will be encouraged to critically believe and measure their ain pattern and positions. The faculty runs in Semester One and consists of talks which take topographic point on Tuesdays from 22/09/09 to 27/10/09. Lectures will be held from 10am to 1pm every Tuesday and on alternate hebdomads at that place will besides be talks from 2pm to 4pm in the afternoon. Tutorials will take topographic point on surrogate Fridays, get downing on 25/09/09. Students will be divided into tutorial groups and tutorials will run from 12-1pm and 1pm to 2pm on surrogate Fridays. Students will be notified of their assigned coach group in due class. Students will be assessed for via a written assignment which is due for entry on: Monday 2nd November at 4pm. Faculty Purposes Students will understand the societal work function within a condemnable Justice context, and develop their apprehension of the cognition, accomplishment and value base pertinent to the country of pattern. Learning Results Students will understand policy and statute law that informs the societal work function in this context. Students will larn the theoretical positions informing societal work intercession in a condemnable justness context. Students will research the research and methods that inform societal work intercession in the condemnable justness context. Students will develop accomplishments in the critical scrutiny of theory and its application to pattern. Students will understand their ain value base in relation to this country and have considered ethical issues in relation to pattern. Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( PPNAI, Willie McAuley ; John Warren, Extern ) Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) Course Reading Recommended Text A farther extended list of recommended reading is provided for each hebdomad of the class based on capable country. Appraisal Appraisal of this faculty is through a written assignment which is due for entry: Monday 2nd November by 4pm. You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs http: //www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofSociologySocialPolicySocialWork/ImportantNotice/ # d.en.93464 Students must reply one of the essay inquiries below and the word count for this assignment is: 2500 Words +/- 10 % Essay Questions Renewing Justice purposes to turn to the effects of piquing for victims and wrongdoers and communities in a meaningful manner. Critically measure this statement with mention to pattern in the Northern Ireland condemnable justness system. Young people who are involved in piquing should be treated as ‘children foremost . Discuss this statement with mention to policy and pattern in working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. The history of probation is one of an increased accent on public protection. Discuss this statement with mention to probation pattern in Northern Ireland. Appraisal of the hazard of re-offending and hazard of injury should steer the nature of intercession with wrongdoers. Critically measure this statement with mention to theory, policy and pattern. Guideline This assignment should be based on larning from your talks, workshops and guided survey / reading.You are encouraged to get down researching and preparing at an early phase as the entry day of the month is A treatment forum will besides be established on Queenss online in order to help you to portion thoughts with coachs and other pupils and to seek to portion resources for the assignment. REFERENCING Your assignment must be supported with mentions from relevant readings and you must follow the referencing guidelines associating to books, diaries and web based stuff provided in your class enchiridion. You are encouraged to read widely in fixing for your assignment, pulling on stuff from your reading list every bit good as other relevant stuff. You should besides look at the general appraisal guidelines in your appraisal enchiridion for more general assignment composing accomplishments. Essay counsel The best manner to construction the reply to a inquiry is to get down with a really brief analysis of what you interpret the inquiry as being about, and so a road-map of how you propose to reply it. This focuses your head on organizing a clear, consistent construction for your reply. Be really careful to bespeak every bit much as possible of what empirical or other grounds there is to back up your points. It is non necessary to come to a definite decision on the inquiry: uncertainness holding weighed the statements and grounds is about ever an acceptable place. What is indispensable, nevertheless, is that you have given sufficient weight to statements contrary to your ain, with grounds to endorse up your rejection. Frequently inquiries require you to show and measure a figure of point of views, indicated by such instructions as discuss , assess , how far is the instance that†¦ etc. But it is ever indispensable to see what alternate readings to your ain statement there might be. Beginning: Oxford University Press ( Online Resource Centre ) Requirements for the Award of 10 Credit Points In order to be awarded 10 recognition points towards the completion of the Bachelor s Degree in Social Work pupils must: Complete and subject a written assignment and derive a grade of at least 40 % . Attend at least 80 % of all talks ; and Attend at least 80 % of all workshops. Students who fail to go to for the needed figure of talks and tutorials, or who miss peculiarly important elements of the faculty, may be required to set about extra work in order to be awarded recognition points. Late SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK The University s regulation is that for work submitted after the deadline, 5 per centum points per working twenty-four hours are deducted from the received grade up to a upper limit of five yearss. Thereafter, the work receives zero. Extensions to try deadlines are covered by a formal University process and may be granted on evidences of sick wellness or personal fortunes. You need to subject a completed Exemption from Late Coursework Marks Penalty Form ( available from the Office, 6 College Park and on the School s Website www.qub.ac.uk/soc ) within three yearss of the essay deadline. The signifier should be accompanied by a medical certification ( NOT self-certification ) and/or other written back uping grounds and should be taken to the faculty convenor, sooner during his/her office hours, who decides whether or non to hold to an extension. Lecture Outlines Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm This talk will supply an debut to the faculty by sketching the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. The first talk will cover the history of societal work within the condemnable justness context and will research theoretical positions on the intersection of societal work and the condemnable justness system. Particular consideration will be given to the function of the societal worker within the parametric quantities of the ‘care or ‘control argument. Some of the cardinal stages of societal work intercession in the condemnable justness system will be explored runing from original societal work function as a ‘court missionary through to the current thrust towards intercessions based on the appraisal of hazard and ‘evidence based pattern . Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Following from the introductory talk, this tutorial will concentrate on some of the cardinal paradigm displacements that have influenced the function of societal work within the condemnable justness context. Students will be encouraged to critically research the function of societal work within this scene. Key Reading Social Work in the Criminal Justice System History, Context and Settings Audit Commission ( 1989 ) Promoting Value for Money in the Probation Service, London: HMSO Brownlee, I. ( 1998 ) Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. Essex: Longman Criminology Series Burnett, R. A ; Roberts, C. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice Cullompton: Willan Chapman, T. and Hough, M. ( 1998 ) Evidence Based Practice, London: HMIP Farrant, F. ( 2006 ) ‘Knowledge production and the penalty moral principle: The death of the probation service. Probation Journal, 53,4: 317-333 Fulton, B. A ; Parkhill, T. ( 2009 ) Making the Difference: an unwritten history of probation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: PBNI. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/archive/Publications/Other % 20Publications/pbni % 2025th % 20book.pdf Gorman, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Cognitive behaviorism and the hunt for the Holy Grail: The pursuit for a cosmopolitan agencies of pull offing wrongdoer hazard. Probation Journal, 48, 3: 3-9 Kemshall, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Effective pattern in probation: An illustration of ‘Advanced Liberal responsibilisation? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41,1: 41-58 Lindsay, T. A ; Quinn, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Fair Play in Northern Ireland: Towards Anti-Sectarian Practice. Probation Journal, 42, 2: 102-109 McKnight, J. ( 2009 ) ‘Speaking up for Probation Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48,4: 327-343 Mair, G. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Matters in Probation Cullompton: Willan Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. ( 2000 ) ‘Reflections: uncertainties about the what works enterprise , Probation Journal, 47, 4: 272-275 Robinson, G. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘The hereafter of rehabilitation: What function for the probation service? Probation Journal, 53,4: 334-346 Vanstone, M. ( 2004 ) ‘Mission control: The beginnings of a human-centered service. Probation Journal, 51, 1: 34-47 Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr These talks will concentrate on the development and usage of community punishments. Students will larn about the development of the ‘what works enterprise and the thrust towards effectual, evidence-based pattern. Key issues such as hazard direction and public protection will be explored and pupils will be encouraged to critically measure these developments. Cardinal developments in working with wrongdoers will be outlined including some of the most recent methods of intercession based on research grounds. Key Reading Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Andrews, D. , Bonta, J. and Hoge, R. ( 1990a ) ‘Classification for effectual rehabilitation , Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17,1: 19-52. Andrews, D. et Al. ( 1990b ) ‘Does correctional intervention work? Criminology, 28, 369-404 Ansbro, M. ( 2008 ) ‘Using attachment theory with wrongdoers. Probation Journal, 55,3: 231-244 Bailie, R. ( 2006 ) ‘Women Wrongdoers: The Development of a Policy and Strategy for Implementation by the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Irish Probation Journal, 3, 1:97-110 Batchelor, S. ( 2004 ) ‘Prove me the Bam! Victimization and bureau in the lives of immature adult females who commit violent offenses. Probation Journal, 52, 4: 358-375 Bhui, H.S. A ; Buchanan, J. ( 2004 ) ‘What Works? and complex individualism. Probation Journal, 51,3: 195-196 Bottoms, A. and Williams, W. ( 1979 ) ‘A non-treatment paradigm for probation pattern British Journal of Social Work, 9,2: 160-201 Burnett R A ; Roberts C ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice, Developing Evidence Based Practice. Cullompton: Willan Burnett, R. A ; McNeill, F. ( 2005 ) ‘The topographic point of the officer-offender relationship in helping wrongdoers to abstain from offense. Probation Journal, 52,3: 221-242 Bushway, S.D. ; Thornberry, T.P. A ; Krohn, M.D. ( 2003 ) ‘Desistance as a developmental procedure: A comparing of inactive and dynamic attacks. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 2: 129-153 Cherry, S. ( 2005 ) Transforming Behaviour: Pro-social Modelling in Practice. Cullompton: Willan Dixon, L. A ; Ray, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Current issues and developments in race hatred offense Probation Journal, 54,2: 109-124 Farrall, S. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1999 ) ‘Structuration, human development and desistance from offense. British Journal of Criminology 17, 2: 255-267 Farrall, S. ( 2002 ) Rethinking What Works with Wrongdoers: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan Healy, D. A ; ODonnell, I. ( 2008 ) ‘Calling clip on offense: Motivation, generativity and bureau in Irish Probationers. Probation Journal, 55,1: 25-38 Jordan, R. A ; OHare, G. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Probation Board for Northern Ireland s Cognitive Self-Change Program: An overview of the pilot programme in the community. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 125-136 Loughran, H. ( 2006 ) ‘A topographic point for Motivational Interviewing in Probation? Irish Probation Journal, 3,1: 17-29 Martinson, R. ( 1974 ) ‘What works? Questions and replies about prison reform , ThePublic Interest, 10, 22-54 McCulloch, P. ( 2005 ) ‘Probation, societal context and desistance: retracing the relationship. Probation Journal, 52,1: 8-22 McGuire, J. A ; Priestly, P. ( 1995 ) ‘Reviewing â€Å"what works† : Past, nowadays and hereafter. In J. McGuire ( Ed. ) What Works in Reducing Re-offending. Sussex: Wiley McNeill, F. ( 2001 ) ‘Developing effectivity: Frontline Perspectives , Social Work Education, 20,6: 671-678 McNeill, F. ( 2006 ) ‘A desistance paradigm for wrongdoer direction Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 39-62 McWilliams, W. ( 1987 ) ‘Probation, pragmatism and policy , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26,2:97-121 Maruna, S. ( 2001 ) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lifes. Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association Maruna, S. ; Immarigeon, R. A ; LeBel, T.P. ( 2004 ) ‘Ex-offender Reintegration: Theory and Practice In: S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon ( explosive detection systems. ) After Crime and Punishment: Nerve pathwaies to Offender Integration, Cullompton: Willan Miller, W. A ; Rollnick, S. ( 2006 ) Motivational Interviewing, Gilford Press, New York Raynor, P. A ; Vanstone, M. ( 1994 ) ‘Probation pattern, effectivity and the non-treatment paradigm , British Journal of Social Work, 24,4: 387-404 Rex, S. ( 1999 ) ‘Desistance from piquing: Experiences of probation , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 4: 366-383 Rex, S. A ; Bottoms, A. ( 2003 ) ‘Evaluating the judges: Researching the accreditation of wrongdoer programmes. Probation Journal, 50,4: 359-368 Smith, D. ( 2004 ) ‘The utilizations and maltreatments of positivism , in G. Mair ( Ed. ) What Matters in Probation, Cullompton: Willan Vanstone, M. ( 2000 ) ‘Cognitive-behavioural work with wrongdoers in the UK: a history of an influential enterprise , Howard Journal, 39,2: 171-183 Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Measuring the hazard of re-offending and the hazard of injury is one of the nucleus undertakings of the societal worker within the condemnable justness system.This talk will cover the background of appraisal and some of the factors that impact on appraisal. Particular attending will be paid to research grounds concerning, dynamic and inactive hazard factors in relation to piquing. In add-on, attending will be paid to protective factors and research relating to desistance from offense. An overview will be provided of a scope of hazard appraisal tools presently in usage within the condemnable justness system. Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur This tutorial will be in a workshop format and will concentrate on the usage of hazard appraisal tools in relation to the appraisal of the hazard re-offending and hazard of injury with the purpose of be aftering intercessions to turn to these countries. Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Aye-Maung, N. A ; Hammond, N. ( 2000 ) ‘Risk of re-offending and Needs Appraisals: The User s Perspective. ( Home Office Research Study 216 ) . London: Home Office Best, P. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Assessment, Case Management and Evaluation System ( ACE ) in Northern Ireland. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 101-107 Kemshall, H. ( 1998 ) Hazard in Probation Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate Kemshall, H. ( 2003 ) Understanding Hazard in Criminal Justice. Berkshire: Open University Press Kemshall, H. ( 2008 ) Understanding the Management of High Risk Offenders. Berkshire: Open University Press Merrington, S. A ; Skinns, J. ( 2002 ) ‘Using ACE to Profile Criminogenic Needs , Probation Studies Unit ACE Practitioner Bulletin No. 1, University of Oxford. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crim.ox.ac.uk/publications/psubull1.pdf ODwyer, G. ( 2008 ) ‘A Risk Assessment and Risk Management Approach to Sexual Offending for the Probation Service. Irish Probation Journal, Vol. 5: 84-91 Robinson, G. ( 2002 ) ‘Exploring hazard direction in probation pattern: modern-day developments in England and Wales. Punishment and Society, 4, 1: 5-25 Robinson, G. ( 2003 ) ‘Implementing OASys: lessons from research into LSI-R and ACE Probation Journal, 50, 1:30-40 Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr This talk will turn to issues refering the impact of offense, and will research issues associating to victims of offense. The construct of the ‘victim of offense will be critically assessed with mention to a scope of literature, and the victim s function within the condemnable justness system will be explored. The function of the Social Worker in working with victims of offense will besides be analysed. The rules and patterns of renewing justness attacks will be examined and explored specifically in relation to the Northern Ireland context. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) The afternoon talk will affect a panel presentation from representatives from two bureaus working with victims of offense. The presenters will concentrate on peculiar issues and subjects associating to their work and pupils will hold an chance to discourse the issues raised. Victims and the Impact of Crime Hoyle, C. A ; Zedner, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Victims, victimization and the condemnable justness system. In M. Maguire ; R. Morgan A ; R. Reiner ( Eds. ) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology ( Fourth Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Hunter, C. ( 2005 ) ‘The View of Victims of Crime on How the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Victim Information Scheme Might Operate Irish Probation Journal, 2,1: 43-47 Norton, S. ( 2007 ) ‘The topographic point of victims in the Criminal Justice System. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 63-76 Williams, B. ( 2009 ) ‘Victims In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Renewing Justice Braithwaite, J. ( 1989 ) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Campbell C, Devlin R, OMahony D, Doak J ( 2005 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth conferencing Service NIO Research and Statistical Series: Report No 12 Daly, K. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative Justice: The existent narrative Punishment and Society, 4,1: 55-79 Daly, K. A ; Stubbs, J. ( 2006 ) ‘Feminist battle with renewing justness. Theoretical Criminology, 10, 1: 9-28 Gelsthorpe, L. A ; Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative youth justness. The last traces of public assistance? In: J. Muncie ; G. Hughes A ; E. McLaughlin ( Eds. ) Youth Justice Critical Readings. London: Sage Gray, P. ( 2005 ) ‘The political relations of hazard and immature wrongdoers experiences of societal exclusion and renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 45,6: 938-957 Hamill, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Victims of paramilitary Punishment Attacks in Belfast. In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 49-70. , Oxford: Hart Hoyle, C. ( 2002 ) ‘Securing renewing justness for the â€Å"Non-Participating† Victim . In: In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 97-132. , Oxford: Hart McEvoy, K. A ; Mika, H. ( 2002 ) ‘ Renewing Justice and the review of informalism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3: 534-562 McLaughlin, E. ; Fergusson, R. ; Hughes, G. A ; Westmarland, L. Restorative Justice: Critical Issues London, Sage Marshall, T. ( 1999 ) Renewing Justice: An Overview. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-resjus.pdf Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 42,3: 596-615 OMahony, D. A ; Doak, J. ‘Restorative Justice- Is More Better? The Experience of Police-led Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 43, no. 5 Shapland, J. ; Atkinson, A. ; Atkinson, H. ; Dignan, J. ; Edwards, L ; Hibbert, J. Howes, M. ; Johnstone, J. ; Robinson, G. A ; Sorsby, A. ( 2008 ) Does renewing justness affect reconviction? The 4th study from the rating of three strategies. London: Ministry of Justice. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/restorative-justice-report_06-08.pdf Zehr H A ; Towes B ( EDS ) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice, Willan Publishing Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( Nicola Carr and Willie McAuley, PPNAI ) Public protection has formed an of import portion of the work of condemnable justness bureaus in recent old ages. This talk explores the ‘public protection discourse, and its practical deductions in relation to new ‘public protection agreements. The 2nd portion of this talk will concentrate on the function of societal work in relation to captives and their households and the function of relocation. Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) This tutorial will follow from this hebdomad s talk and reference issues in relation to captives, the effects of imprisonment and relocation. Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Burnett, R. A ; Maruna, S. ( 2006 ) ‘The kindness of captives: Strengths-based relocation in theory and action. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 83-106 Corcoran, M. ( 2007 ) ‘Normalisation and its discontents: Constructing the ‘irreconcilable female political captive in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 47,3: 405-422 Her Majesty s Inspectorates of Prison and Probation ( 2001 ) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/prison-gate-rps.pdf Kemshall, H. ( 1996 ) Reviewing Hazard: A reappraisal of the research on the appraisal and direction of hazard and dangerousness: Deductions for policy and pattern in the Probation Service. London: Home Office Kemshall, H. A ; Maguire, M. ( 2001 ) ‘Public Protection, partnership and hazard penality: The Multi-Agency hazard direction of sexual and violent wrongdoers. Punishment and Society, 3,2: 237-264 Lewis, S. ; Vennard, J. ; Maguire, M. ; Raynor, P. ; Vanstone, M. ; Raybould, S. A ; Rix, A. ( 2003 ) The Resettlement of short-run captives: an rating of seven scouts. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/occ83pathfinders.pdf McEvoy, K. ; Shirlow, P. A ; McElrath, K. ( 2004 ) ‘Resistance, passage and exclusion: Politically motivated ex-prisoners and struggle transmutation in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 3: 646-670 Maguire, M. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘How the relocation of captives promotes desistance from offense: Or does it? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1:19-38 Maruna, S. A ; Liebling, A. ( 2004 ) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Saint matthews, R. ( 2009 ) ‘Prisons in C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2004 ) The Hurt Inside. The Imprisonment of adult females and misss in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statewatch.org/news/2004/oct/the-hurt-inside-nihrc.pdf Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2005 ) ‘Degradation, injury and endurance in a adult females s prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, 1: 67-7 Wahidin, A. ( 2009 ) ‘Ageing in prison: offense and the condemnable justness system. In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Working with immature people who are involved in the condemnable justness system involves turn toing the context of piquing and the public assistance needs of the immature individual. This talk will cover the theories and patterns that inform this work, with mention to research literature and the current system and policy context in Northern Ireland. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) The afternoon talk will be delivered by Kelvin Doherty, from the Youth Justice Agency, who will supply an overview of the young person conferencing service in Northern Ireland. The talk will concentrate on the purposes, principle and operation of young person conferences through an synergistic session. Working with Young People in the Criminal Justice System Campbell, C. ; Devlin, R. ; OMahony, D. ; Doak, J. ; Jackson, J. ; Corrigan, T. A ; McEvoy, K. ( 2006 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth Conference Service. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/evaluation_of_the_northern_ireland_youth_conference_service.pdf Ellison, G. ( 2001 ) Young Peoples, Crime, Policing and Victimisation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queen s University. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ellison00.htm Graham, J. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1995 ) Young Peoples and Crime ( Home Office Research Study No. 145 ) , London: Home Office Hamilton, J. ; Radford, K. A ; Jarman, N. ( 2003 ) Patroling, Accountability and Young People. Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/policeyp.pdf Include Youth ( 2008 ) A Manifesto for Youth Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Include Youth. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/fs/doc/Include-Youth-Manifesto-2008.pdf Leonard, M. ( 2004 ) Children in Interface Areas: Contemplations from North Belfast. Belfast: Salvage the Children Muncie, J. ( 2004 ) Young person and Crime ( Second Edition ) London: Sage NICCY ( 2008 ) Children in Conflict with the Law and the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Belfast: NICCY. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/uploaded_docs/1_71784_NIC71784 % 20Childrens % 20Rights % 20Text % 208.pdf OMahony, D. A ; Deazley, R. ( 2000 ) Juvenile Crime and Youth Justice, Review of the Criminal Justice System for Northern Ireland. Research Report No. 17. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office OMahony, D. A ; Campbell, C. ( 2006 ) ‘Mainstreaming renewing justness for immature wrongdoers through young person conferencing: The experience of Northern Ireland. In: J. Junger-Tas A ; S.H. Decker ( Eds. ) 93-116, International Handbook of Juvenile Justice. Quinn, K. A ; Jackson, J. ( 2003 ) The Detention and Questioning of Young People by the Police in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/detention_and_questioning_of_young_persons_by_the_police_in_northern_ireland_part1.pdf Scraton, P. ( 2007 ) ‘Children immature people and struggle in Northern Ireland. In: P. Scraton Power, Conflict and Criminalisation. London: Routledge Smyth, M. with Fay, M.T. ; Brough, E. A ; Hamilton, J. ( 2004 ) The Impact of Political Conflict on Children in Northern Ireland. Belfast: ICR. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/CCICReport.pdf Whyte, B. ( 2009 ) Youth Justice in Practice. Making a Difference. Bristol: Policy Imperativeness Useful Web sites Extern Is a voluntary sector administration that provides services to wrongdoers. The website provides item on the background and work of the administration. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.extern.org Howard League The Howard League is a penal reform administration. Its website contains information in relation to the penal system in England and Wales, intelligence of developments within the penal system and policy and research paperss. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howardleague.org/ Include Youth an independent administration that actively promotes the rights, best involvements of and best pattern with immature people in demand or at hazard. This website includes studies on immature people s experiences of the condemnable justness system: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/about-us/ Institute for Conflict Research The Institute for Conflict Research is an independent research administration, which specialises in working on issues related to conflict, human rights, societal transmutation and societal justness. The administration s web site contains a scope of publications of relevancy to the condemnable justness context. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/cms/ NIACRO is a voluntary administration that works with people who offend. It offers employment and preparation services and besides works with captives and their households. The administration s web site contains a scope of information on the services they provide and it besides includes a figure of publications. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niacro.co.uk/ NICCY- Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People. This website includes research studies on issues refering kids and immature people. It has a scope of research studies and policy paperss associating to immature people and the juvenile justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/ Northern Ireland Office The Northern Ireland Office ( NIO ) was established in 1972 following the disintegration of the Northern Ireland authorities. Its current function is to back up the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland ‘in procuring a permanent peace . ‘The NIO presently has duty for Northern Ireland s constitutional and security issues, in peculiar, jurisprudence and order, political personal businesss, patroling and condemnable justness. The web site of the NIO contains all the recent condemnable justness statute law, policy paperss and counsel. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/ Northern Ireland Prison Service The Northern Ireland Prison Service s website provides overview information on the prison estate in Northern Ireland. It contains a scope of statistical information on the prison population. It besides contains policy paperss associating to the operation of the prison service. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niprisonservice.gov.uk/index.cfm PBNI The Probation Board of Northern Ireland s web site provides item on the construction of the probation service in Northern Ireland and the scope of intercessions and work undertaken by the Probation Service. The web site besides contains all of the back issues of the Irish Probation Journal in a downloadable format. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/site/Home.aspx? x=eTyoYPm5488= Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland -The ombudsman investigates and trades with ailments associating to the constabulary and policing in Northern Ireland. The website provides information on the function of the Ombudsman and statistics and information in relation to ailments. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policeombudsman.org/index.cfm PSNI The web site of the Police Service of Northern Ireland provides an overview of the service and provides a scope of information including policy paperss associating to patroling in Northern Ireland. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psni.police.uk/ Prison Reform Trust The prison reform trust contains a broad scope of up to day of the month information on the prison system in the United Kingdom, including item on day-to-day prison Numberss and countries of concern sing imprisonment. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Public Protection Northern Ireland This website provides item on the public protection agreements in topographic point in Northern Ireland following the debut of the Criminal Justice ( NI ) Order 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Youth Justice Agency The declared purposes of the Youth Justice Agency of NI is to forestall offending by kids. In making so, it delivers a scope of services, frequently in partnership with others, to assist kids turn to their piquing behavior, deviate them from offense, help their integrating into the community, and to run into the demands of victims of offense. The bureau s web site provides a utile usher of the scope of countenances available for immature people involved in piquing and provides item on the renewing justness theoretical account. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthjusticeagencyni.gov.uk/ Youth Justice Board The Youth Justice Board oversees the young person justness system in England and Wales. Its web site contains a scope of research studies and policy paperss that provide utile information on working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/ Key Legislation and Reports Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 1996 Condemnable Justice ( Children ) ( NI ) Order 1998 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2002 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2004 Anti-Social Behaviour ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2004 Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 2008 ‘The Patten Report Patten, C. ( 1999 ) A New Beginning: Policing and Northern Ireland. The Report of the Independent Commission on Northern Ireland.London: HMSO Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/patten/patten99.pdf Reappraisal of the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland ( 2000 ) Capital of northern ireland: The Stationery Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/review_of_the_criminal_justice_system_in_northern_ireland.pdf Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ SWK3005 Social Work in the Criminal Justice Context, 2009-2010

Sony Integrated Marketing Communications Case Study

Sony Integrated Marketing Communications - Case Study Example The 2008 fiscal year of Sony ended in the month of March and the audit reports show that annual sales that were made by Sony in the year of 2008 equaled about $US90bilion which is a great amount. The number of employees that Sony has equals to about 190,000 people located in the manufacturing factors and in the offices all around the world. Sony is one company which has gained the success that it truly deserves and it has been known that it is one of the companies that is public in nature. It has got hold on the shares in four of the major stock exchanges in the worlds which include the stock exchanges based in New York, London, Tokyo and Osaka. In addition to this Sony is the brand with has about 1006 of the total subsidiaries located on an international scale (Squire, 2001, p. 22). The marketing orientation evolved the ideology of marketing providing the newer way of thinking to people. It included the point that the customers or the consumers are the entities who are much more important than the profitability as customers are the stakeholders for the organizations. It is being said that the marketing is still evolving and the better changes are seen in the field of the marketing these days. It is said that these days are the days when the evolution of marketing has entered into fourth stage. The fourth evolutionary stage of the marketing is known as the personal marketing orientation and this is the one that is considered to be the better approach as compared to ones in previous (Abramson, 2003, p. 44). The fourth stage is the one that makes the point that the individual based marketing is the key to the successful marketing and by proper utilization of this stage and with proper understating this is the way that can be used to reach the customers on an individual basis. The marketing thereby can be done on an individual basis which seems to be a better and an integrating marketing approach (Shaw, 2005, p. 93). Since the start of the term of marketing, it has been seen that changes have been occurring in the field of marketing leading to the strategic approach being adopted by the marketers in many ways. The marketing that has been recognized in previous times as the business approach has been to make more and more of the profits has now changed to the one that has been to attract more and more customers so as to gain the view point of the product or the firm itself (Hollensen, 2008, p. 11). The main responsibility of the marketers based at Sony is to expand the brands name across the borders a bit more. It

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) Essay

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) - Essay Example Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) are two types of e-businesses found on the Internet. E-commerce is an umbrella term used for all business done online but when close studied there are some technical differences which set of type of business apart from another. B2B is the business where both parties are organizations or companies working with each other for some kind of mutual benefit such as Skillbay.com. An example of this would be industrial suppliers or manufacturers who sell to a business that eventually takes final goods to the customers. Whereas most other sites would fall in the category of B2C since organizations are selling their services or products to consumers. Examples include Amazon.com and Walmart.com.The main difference between a B2B and a B2C is that of who purchases at the other end, whether it's the consumer or a business buyer as defined earlier. The other difference is the complexity of the business-to-business setup as compared to a busi ness to consumer setup. Supply chain management gets involved with in a business-to-business setup making the online process all the more complicated. And then there is also an issue of security that needs special consideration in business to business as compared to the business to consumer e-commerce. The other differences could be the negotiation and integration. Negotiation means bargaining prices and in case of business-to-business selling the most important thing is a negotiation.... While the business to consumer seems very easy as the any online retail store would just has to upload a catalog with prices and specification, the negotiation part involves another complexity within the business to business setup and that is of integration. There needs to be integration between the seller and the buyer system for effective business-to-business e-commerce to take place. At times, the buying company could not integrate with the selling company and vice versa which makes the transaction difficult to handle. Channel integration was also a problem for the business to consumer e-commerce in the earlier phase of e-commerce development as a lot of stores declined to connect their Web companies through the internal back office systems. Many companies rejected in an effort to build up a distinct Web unit and articulated much about the efforts of those who approached them as cannibalization of present sites. However, as it proved it was much of a fear than the actual eating up and companies like the Gap without delay adjusted to the new system in order to let customers do online transactions and in case of any default return the products back to the physical retailer. This opportunity and ease pulled out many fears of the customers of an online shopping system and in turn increased online sales as there could be more effective follow-up system online and the order management would be handled more effectively. This not only gave confidence to the online shopper but also increased the value of th e products and services they purchased. There are various ethical and legal regulations to follow when these businesses are started. Like any other business, online organizations have a responsibility towards their clients and this includes

About photo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

About photo - Essay Example Police officers have been quoting Section 44 of Terrorism Act 2000 when arresting photographers for photographing certain public places terming the act as being illegal. However, this paper aims at making the readers know that the power of law enforcement officers to stop and search photographers doing public photographing was ruled illegal during the year 2010. Therefore, photographers have the right to take photographs of public places in which they have legal access to without being stopped, searched or arrested. Any police officer attempting to search digital data possessed by a photographer should have a search warrant1 (Krages, 2011, p. 212). According to Lewis (2010, p.2), during the year 2009 unlawful conviction of a photographer named Robert Palmer cost the New York Police Department a total of $30 000. The amount of money was paid to the victim as damages because he was convicted unlawfully. Moreover, During December 19th, 2009, an amateur photographer was arrested in Lancashire Town for taking photos that were considered to be suspicious and triggering antisocial behavior by the police officers2 (Lewis, 2010, p. 5). The law enforcement officers questioned him under the anti-terrorism legislation and later arrested him. Nevertheless, during the year 2011, police officers arrested a photographer named Clint Fillinger for taking photos of a House Fire Crime Scene3 (Potter, 2012, p.1). In response to the unlawful arrests of photographers, Mickey Osterreicher, a general counsel of the National Press Photographers Association, says, â€Å"†¦police treat anyone with a camera as a suspect† (Potter, 2012, p.3). Moreover, John Timoney, the former police chief in Philadelphia and Miami confessed that there have been increased tension between police officers and photographers that has led to the unlawful arrests and convictions (Potter, 2012, p.4). Police officers have continued to violate the rights of

What is Socially Believed to be Beautiful

You can never be too thin or too rich, said the Duchess of Windsor. She might have added â€Å"or too pretty. † What psychologists call the â€Å"attractiveness stereotype† is so strong that beauty is literally equated with goodness. Good-looking people are not only preferred for dates, friendships and jobs, they're believed to have more intelligence and integrity. It goes without saying that the beauty bias is even more powerful and universal for women. Beautiful women are thought to be more feminine, and femininity is associated with being emotional, passive and nurturing (Heilman). There's not much bad news about being beautiful. Helena Maria Viramonte†s â€Å"Miss Clairol† focuses on this point. She uses the characters of mother and daughter, Arlene and Champ, to emphasis the vanity of our culture and the reliance on the products required for a transformation into what is socially believed to be beautiful. Recently in history, women, who were far from being pawns and victims, used makeup to declare their freedom, identity, and sexual allure as they flocked to enter public life. The first social history of American beauty culture: a richly textured account of how women created the cosmetics industry and how cosmetics created the modern woman. You don't need the latest census to tell you that America is, more than ever, a rainbow of faces with worldwide roots. More and more women of African, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American heritage are celebrating their own personal beauty, and the cosmetics industry is responding. Viramonte uses the character of Champ to show the changing mood in America towards the need to fall in line for men and the cultures expectations. Arlene is from an older generation that requires a man for survival. This was a time of women's rights and freedom of expression. The women are entering the workplace side by side of men and the rules would change towards the believe of beauty is required to succeed in life (Heilman). It is very unfortunate, but very beautiful women are patronized in professional situations, sexually harassed in private and hassled on the street in greater numbers than their less stunning sisters. A breathtaking beauty can be isolated by both the jealousy of other women and men's fear of rejection. Extremely beautiful women can also fall into their own snares. Some never challenge themselves beyond their looks, and end up in considerable fear of losing them. (In middle age, exceptional beauties have been found to be less happy than average-looking women. ) But, considering all the advantages, â€Å"Please don't hate me because I'm beautiful† can sound like a ridiculous whine. Most of us would take the gamble. Because what is beautiful is sex-typed, attractive men are thought more competent, and attractive women less competent (Heilman). â€Å"Attractive women have a significant edge landing management positions because they are more able to step out of sex roles in the job market,†says psychologist Barry Gillen. The implication is that it pays to appear as unattractive and masculine as possible to succeed in traditional organizations. If all other factors being equal, the â€Å"good-looking† earn 10% more than the â€Å"homely,† and that the situation was worse for men than women (Wall Street Journal). Overall the attractive earn higher salaries, but a breakdown revealed that the advantage applied to men, older subjects and people in â€Å"male† jobs, but was not true for women, younger subjects and â€Å"female† jobs (Heilman). â€Å"The only aspect of corporate success that other executives don't associate in some way with either gender or appearance,† says Madeline Heilman of New York University. A woman whose ascent is swift is considered to have risen due to her merit. Maria Viramonte†s â€Å"Miss Clairol† hits on the point of how sex an achievement into adulthood. The characters are shown to be mere objects to men, and sex is only a tool required to transport them to their belief of the American dream: little yellow house with a white picket fence, couple of kids, a dog, and a wonderful hard working husband as shown on television. Young women are warned, â€Å"Men only want one thing! † Older women have been heard to say, â€Å"So where are those sex maniacs? † As comedians know, timing is everything. Psychologists who examine biology to explain the differences between men's and women's attitudes toward sex connect men's greater concern with a partner's appearance to the evolutionary imperative to carry on the species: Men are seeking sex with a woman young enough to bear children. Women, on the other hand, look to a man's status (often indistinguishable in our society from his bank account) to ensure protection while bearing and caring for the next generation. It's a numbers game, say evolutionary psychologists: many sperm, few eggs. Men were programmed to sow as many seed as possible (screw anything that moves). Women were engineered to save their health and energy during the long human gestation period (could easily prefer a nap or a bite to eat). Though it may preserve elements of our evolutionary past, sexual attraction is more influenced by current cultural standards. The problem comes up when the standard is Barbie. Women judge themselves more harshly than men do. The majority of women believe men want them to be thinner, bustier and blonder than they are. Men prefer a larger ideal female figure than women do. Eighty-four percent of women think men prefer blonde hair; the real figure is 35%. Men tend to favor women with the same hair color they have. Men tend to think they're fine just as they are. Women substantially overestimate society's fixation on large breasts (Peacock). Women, who want â€Å"better† bodies aren't just trying to please men, but are motivated by personal ideals. Today, 47% of normal-weight American women who think they are too fat are making themselves unhappy by buying into the improbable supermodel standard. Just as Champ is fixed on collected all the photos of ideal women from magazines. Champ and all women are lost in a void of what they believe are the aesthetics of beauty. What men want is not nearly as extraordinary as women might imagine. Psychologists and their term â€Å"attractiveness stereotype† are so strong that beauty is literally equated with goodness. Good-looking people are always going to have the advantage in our culture. That†s just the way it is, and most likely always will be. The shift is towards truth and not ignorance; smart people are winning more battles. The truth of it all is that in the end the battle of vanity, an undue pride in ourselves and our appearance will always end with us when we are all alone.

Its All About the Law Paper Essay

Many states fail when it comes to providing policies that support the rights of English Language Learners. According to Quality Counts 2009, only New York, Florida and Arizona mandate that teachers receive training on how to work with English Language Learners. Research shows that approximately eleven states offer incent for incentives for teachers to get bilingual credentials. Certain states offer policies that try to stop the process for teachers and support staff to assist students in keeping an attachment to their native languages. In 2009, Quality Counts asserted that, seven states—Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, placed bans or restrictions on the use of native-language instruction with English Language Learners. Citizens in these states however are voting to bring about a change. As it was quoted by Judge William Douglass, â€Å"Under these state-imposed standards there is no equality of treatment merely by provid ing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers, and curriculum; for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. We know that those who do not understand English are certain to find their classroom experiences wholly incomprehensible and in no way meaningful.†(Wright 2010). The Massachusetts English Language Education in Public Schools Initiative, which some call Quest, was approved in Massachusetts. The Objective of Question 2 was to have ESL students be immersed into learning English by requiring all their subjects in English. In addition to the fast track curriculum, students would be placed in English language classrooms. Students that could not successfully complete assignments in English and whom could not speak English would go through a year long sheltered English immersion program. If and when the student is able to complete schoolwork in English, the student would then transition into an English language mainstream classroom. (http://www.ballotpedia.org). Ron Unz is the individual responsible for Proposition 203 in Arizona. Also referred to as the Unz initiative, proposition 203, is a proposal that 63% of Arizona citizens voted for on November 7, 2000. Proposition 203 minimizes the amount of instruction available to English language students. Because of a shortage in bilingual teachers the freedom that Arizona schools once had in educating English Language Learners has been reduced. The resolve to this issue is again a rapid English immersion program. According to the legislative program, parents or guardians of English Language Learners can request for their children to sit out of the English Immersion Program under these specific circumstances. The circumstances were as followed: If it could be proven that the child already knows English, if the child is older than grade school age or if the child is identified as having special needs. (Wright 2005) In Colorado, Amendment 31 was the initiative placed in front of citizens to vote on. Colorado’s proposal was on the November 2002 ballot as a constitutional amendment. To the dismay of ESL Learners, the initiative was not accepted. The law, if accepted, would make it mandatory for all public school students to have to learn their schoolwork in English, unless otherwise exempted. According to the website ballotpedia.org, it would be required for school districts to identify (with evidence) English learners, and to test their English proficiency once a year. Consequently, stakeholders established programs to educate ESL students English skills. This was necessary to participate in a school’s regular educational program. Over 70,000 public school students, or approximately nine percent of Colorado’s public school enrollment, qualified as an English learner. (ballotpedia.org) The types of programming English Language Learners received are as followed. English Language Learners received assistance through one of the following options: 1. English as a Second Language: Students are taught mainly or entirely in English with some native tongue assistance. 2. Bilingual education programs- English Language Learners are taught in their native language how to learn English 3. Dual language programs or dual immersion programs: Subjects are taught in two languages in order to develop proficiency in both languages. Requirements for this program is that these programs must be fluent in English or be English learners. In closing, in analyzing the three different state proposed legislatures of Colorado, Arizona and Massachusetts, they are all similar in objective. The difference is that Colorado initiative was not accepted. The similarity of three initiatives is that they were all fighting for English Immersion classes for English Language Learners. The English for the Children campaign was spear headed or supported in California, Arizona and Massachusetts by Ron Unz. In some states the percentages of English Language Learners is great in volume. Thus ESL they would ultimately benefit from the initiatives the most. References Colorado English Amendment 31(2002). Retrieved October 17, 2012. http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Colorado_English,_Amendment_31_%28200 Massachusetts English in Public Schools Initiative, Question 2 (2002 .Retrieved October 16, 2012 .www.ballotpedia.org/†¦/Massachusetts_English_in_Public_Schools_I†¦ Wright, W.E. (2005). The political spectacle of Arizona’s Proposition 203. Educational Policy, 19,662-700.