Risk Factors for Deliberate Self

Introduction Deliberate self-harm is one of the fields in research that have received little attention from scholars and academicians in general. This is despite the fact that this behavior is becoming more evident among youths and especially college going students.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several factors that have been identified by the few studies that have been conducted in this field as being the major causes of this kind of behavior. It is against this backdrop that three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston carried out a self-report study that sought to identify and analyze the risk factors behind deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America. This is a review of the article that the three scholars (Gratz, Conrad Roemer, 2002) wrot e to report on the findings of their study. This review will specifically address three aspects of the article and the study that is reported therein. The first will be the construct of the investigation, where the operationalization of the construct will be addressed. The second will be the methods used in the study, with specific analysis of the research design, the independent and dependent variables. The last will be the results of the study, where an outline of the statistical methods that the three scholars used will be analyzed. Construct of the Investigation In a study, a construct can be viewed as the concept that the study revolves around, or the concept that is addressed by the study. The researcher conceptualizes the construct by refining it and rendering it a conceptual and theoretical definition (Atkinson, 2008). After conceptualization, the researcher then goes ahead and conducts operationalization of the construct. Here, the investigator makes the conceptual definiti on of the construct more specific by creating a link between it and an indicator (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Gratz, Conrad Roemer (2002), the construct of their study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among college students. This is the concept that is addressed by this study. They conceptualize this construct as the â€Å"deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue† (Gratz et al, 2002: p128) where the individual harbors no conscious intent to commit suicide. This action on the part of the individual leads to injuries that may be so severe as to cause tissue damage. Gratz et al (2002) operationalize their construct by linking it to several indicators that they refer to as the risk factors to deliberate self-harm. The investigators operationalize deliberate self-harm by making the assertion that it is the kind of outcome that is li kely to be brought about by four risk factors in the life of the individual. These are childhood separation and loss, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, quality of attachment to caregivers and dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Methods used in the Study Gratz et al (2002) used a self-report design to carry out their study. This is whereby the respondents were given questionnaires to complete on their own. The questionnaires contained questions designed to make the respondents report on their opinions, views and status regarding several attributes that the researchers were interested in (Atkinson, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the research design of the study is concerned, the three scholars used a sample of 133 students drawn from undergraduate psychology courses in the univ ersity (Gratz et al, 2002). The participants were given a questionnaire with several measures to complete. These included the deliberate self-harm inventory measure, the abuse and perpetration inventory, the disruptions in attachment survey, the parental bonding index among others (Gratz et al, 2002). The study also had both independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in the study is â€Å"deliberate self-harm† among the respondents. The independent variable in this case is attribute in nature. This is given the fact that the researchers did not manipulate it during the study (Atkinson, 2008). The study has four dependent variables or criterion measures. These are the risk factors that the researchers identify as the ones leading to deliberate self-harm. These are childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood separation and loss, perceived quality of attachment to caregivers and finally, dissociation (Gratz et al, 2002: p130). Results of the Study One of th e significant findings of this study is the prevalence of self-harm among the respondents. 38 percent of the students reported that they had a history of self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002: p132). Several statistical methods were used by the three investigators in this study. This included correlational analysis to determine the link between deliberate self-harm frequency and each of the four risk factors that had been identified. Most of the risk factors that had been identified were found to be significantly correlated with the frequency of deliberate self-harm (Gratz et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholars also carried out a multiple regression analysis to determine the unique predictive value of each of the identified risk factors. Other variables within this model were controlled. The risk factors were found to be significantly related to deliberate self-harm among the respondents. Conclusion This review focused on the article reporting the findings of a self-report study carried out by three scholars from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. The scholars were interested in the analysis of risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students in the United States of America, taking the university as their sample group. The scholars identified four risk factors and designed a study aimed at finding out the relationship between them and deliberate self-harm. These were childhood abuse, dissociation, childhood separation and loss, and attachment to caregivers such as parents. References Atkinson, R. L. (2008). Essentials of social research. 2nd ed. New York: F ree Press. Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., Roemer, L. (2002). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college student. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 128-140. This report on Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-Harm among College Students: Article Review was written and submitted by user Scarlett N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays

Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essays Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay Social Work In Criminal Justice Social Work Essay Essay This faculty will turn to the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. This context includes a scope of bureaus working with grownups and immature individuals who are involved in piquing and bureaus who work with the victims of offense. Social Work within the condemnable justness context can therefore affect direct work with people who have offended, for illustration working as a Probation Officer or working in a voluntary sector administration that provide services to people involved in the condemnable justness system. It besides involves working with kids and households who may be involved in the condemnable justness system or affected by offense. The faculty will cover the context and scenes of societal work in the condemnable justness system, the rules, methods and intercessions of working with piquing behavior ; appraisal in condemnable justness contexts ; the impact of offense and working with kids and immature people in the condemnable justness system. A committedness to anti-oppressive pattern underpins the faculty and pupils will be encouraged to critically believe and measure their ain pattern and positions. The faculty runs in Semester One and consists of talks which take topographic point on Tuesdays from 22/09/09 to 27/10/09. Lectures will be held from 10am to 1pm every Tuesday and on alternate hebdomads at that place will besides be talks from 2pm to 4pm in the afternoon. Tutorials will take topographic point on surrogate Fridays, get downing on 25/09/09. Students will be divided into tutorial groups and tutorials will run from 12-1pm and 1pm to 2pm on surrogate Fridays. Students will be notified of their assigned coach group in due class. Students will be assessed for via a written assignment which is due for entry on: Monday 2nd November at 4pm. Faculty Purposes Students will understand the societal work function within a condemnable Justice context, and develop their apprehension of the cognition, accomplishment and value base pertinent to the country of pattern. Learning Results Students will understand policy and statute law that informs the societal work function in this context. Students will larn the theoretical positions informing societal work intercession in a condemnable justness context. Students will research the research and methods that inform societal work intercession in the condemnable justness context. Students will develop accomplishments in the critical scrutiny of theory and its application to pattern. Students will understand their ain value base in relation to this country and have considered ethical issues in relation to pattern. Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( PPNAI, Willie McAuley ; John Warren, Extern ) Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) Course Reading Recommended Text A farther extended list of recommended reading is provided for each hebdomad of the class based on capable country. Appraisal Appraisal of this faculty is through a written assignment which is due for entry: Monday 2nd November by 4pm. You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs You are required to subject one printed transcript to Reception in 6 College Park and one electronic transcript via My Modules on Queen s Online before 4.00pm on Tues 5th Jan. Please refer to the undermentioned nexus on the School s web site for entry processs http: //www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofSociologySocialPolicySocialWork/ImportantNotice/ # d.en.93464 Students must reply one of the essay inquiries below and the word count for this assignment is: 2500 Words +/- 10 % Essay Questions Renewing Justice purposes to turn to the effects of piquing for victims and wrongdoers and communities in a meaningful manner. Critically measure this statement with mention to pattern in the Northern Ireland condemnable justness system. Young people who are involved in piquing should be treated as ‘children foremost . Discuss this statement with mention to policy and pattern in working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. The history of probation is one of an increased accent on public protection. Discuss this statement with mention to probation pattern in Northern Ireland. Appraisal of the hazard of re-offending and hazard of injury should steer the nature of intercession with wrongdoers. Critically measure this statement with mention to theory, policy and pattern. Guideline This assignment should be based on larning from your talks, workshops and guided survey / reading.You are encouraged to get down researching and preparing at an early phase as the entry day of the month is A treatment forum will besides be established on Queenss online in order to help you to portion thoughts with coachs and other pupils and to seek to portion resources for the assignment. REFERENCING Your assignment must be supported with mentions from relevant readings and you must follow the referencing guidelines associating to books, diaries and web based stuff provided in your class enchiridion. You are encouraged to read widely in fixing for your assignment, pulling on stuff from your reading list every bit good as other relevant stuff. You should besides look at the general appraisal guidelines in your appraisal enchiridion for more general assignment composing accomplishments. Essay counsel The best manner to construction the reply to a inquiry is to get down with a really brief analysis of what you interpret the inquiry as being about, and so a road-map of how you propose to reply it. This focuses your head on organizing a clear, consistent construction for your reply. Be really careful to bespeak every bit much as possible of what empirical or other grounds there is to back up your points. It is non necessary to come to a definite decision on the inquiry: uncertainness holding weighed the statements and grounds is about ever an acceptable place. What is indispensable, nevertheless, is that you have given sufficient weight to statements contrary to your ain, with grounds to endorse up your rejection. Frequently inquiries require you to show and measure a figure of point of views, indicated by such instructions as discuss , assess , how far is the instance that†¦ etc. But it is ever indispensable to see what alternate readings to your ain statement there might be. Beginning: Oxford University Press ( Online Resource Centre ) Requirements for the Award of 10 Credit Points In order to be awarded 10 recognition points towards the completion of the Bachelor s Degree in Social Work pupils must: Complete and subject a written assignment and derive a grade of at least 40 % . Attend at least 80 % of all talks ; and Attend at least 80 % of all workshops. Students who fail to go to for the needed figure of talks and tutorials, or who miss peculiarly important elements of the faculty, may be required to set about extra work in order to be awarded recognition points. Late SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK The University s regulation is that for work submitted after the deadline, 5 per centum points per working twenty-four hours are deducted from the received grade up to a upper limit of five yearss. Thereafter, the work receives zero. Extensions to try deadlines are covered by a formal University process and may be granted on evidences of sick wellness or personal fortunes. You need to subject a completed Exemption from Late Coursework Marks Penalty Form ( available from the Office, 6 College Park and on the School s Website www.qub.ac.uk/soc ) within three yearss of the essay deadline. The signifier should be accompanied by a medical certification ( NOT self-certification ) and/or other written back uping grounds and should be taken to the faculty convenor, sooner during his/her office hours, who decides whether or non to hold to an extension. Lecture Outlines Week 1 Introduction to Social Work and Criminal Justice history, context and scenes Date: 22/09/09 Lecture: 10 1pm This talk will supply an debut to the faculty by sketching the function of societal work in the condemnable justness context. The first talk will cover the history of societal work within the condemnable justness context and will research theoretical positions on the intersection of societal work and the condemnable justness system. Particular consideration will be given to the function of the societal worker within the parametric quantities of the ‘care or ‘control argument. Some of the cardinal stages of societal work intercession in the condemnable justness system will be explored runing from original societal work function as a ‘court missionary through to the current thrust towards intercessions based on the appraisal of hazard and ‘evidence based pattern . Tutorial 25/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Following from the introductory talk, this tutorial will concentrate on some of the cardinal paradigm displacements that have influenced the function of societal work within the condemnable justness context. Students will be encouraged to critically research the function of societal work within this scene. Key Reading Social Work in the Criminal Justice System History, Context and Settings Audit Commission ( 1989 ) Promoting Value for Money in the Probation Service, London: HMSO Brownlee, I. ( 1998 ) Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. Essex: Longman Criminology Series Burnett, R. A ; Roberts, C. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice Cullompton: Willan Chapman, T. and Hough, M. ( 1998 ) Evidence Based Practice, London: HMIP Farrant, F. ( 2006 ) ‘Knowledge production and the penalty moral principle: The death of the probation service. Probation Journal, 53,4: 317-333 Fulton, B. A ; Parkhill, T. ( 2009 ) Making the Difference: an unwritten history of probation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: PBNI. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/archive/Publications/Other % 20Publications/pbni % 2025th % 20book.pdf Gorman, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Cognitive behaviorism and the hunt for the Holy Grail: The pursuit for a cosmopolitan agencies of pull offing wrongdoer hazard. Probation Journal, 48, 3: 3-9 Kemshall, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Effective pattern in probation: An illustration of ‘Advanced Liberal responsibilisation? Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41,1: 41-58 Lindsay, T. A ; Quinn, K. ( 2001 ) ‘Fair Play in Northern Ireland: Towards Anti-Sectarian Practice. Probation Journal, 42, 2: 102-109 McKnight, J. ( 2009 ) ‘Speaking up for Probation Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 48,4: 327-343 Mair, G. ( Ed. ) ( 2004 ) What Matters in Probation Cullompton: Willan Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. ( 2000 ) ‘Reflections: uncertainties about the what works enterprise , Probation Journal, 47, 4: 272-275 Robinson, G. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘The hereafter of rehabilitation: What function for the probation service? Probation Journal, 53,4: 334-346 Vanstone, M. ( 2004 ) ‘Mission control: The beginnings of a human-centered service. Probation Journal, 51, 1: 34-47 Week 2 Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Date: 29/09/09 Lecture: 10am -1pm Nicola Carr Lecture: 2pm -4pm Nicola Carr These talks will concentrate on the development and usage of community punishments. Students will larn about the development of the ‘what works enterprise and the thrust towards effectual, evidence-based pattern. Key issues such as hazard direction and public protection will be explored and pupils will be encouraged to critically measure these developments. Cardinal developments in working with wrongdoers will be outlined including some of the most recent methods of intercession based on research grounds. Key Reading Working with piquing behaviour- Principles, Methods and Interventions Andrews, D. , Bonta, J. and Hoge, R. ( 1990a ) ‘Classification for effectual rehabilitation , Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17,1: 19-52. Andrews, D. et Al. ( 1990b ) ‘Does correctional intervention work? Criminology, 28, 369-404 Ansbro, M. ( 2008 ) ‘Using attachment theory with wrongdoers. Probation Journal, 55,3: 231-244 Bailie, R. ( 2006 ) ‘Women Wrongdoers: The Development of a Policy and Strategy for Implementation by the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Irish Probation Journal, 3, 1:97-110 Batchelor, S. ( 2004 ) ‘Prove me the Bam! Victimization and bureau in the lives of immature adult females who commit violent offenses. Probation Journal, 52, 4: 358-375 Bhui, H.S. A ; Buchanan, J. ( 2004 ) ‘What Works? and complex individualism. Probation Journal, 51,3: 195-196 Bottoms, A. and Williams, W. ( 1979 ) ‘A non-treatment paradigm for probation pattern British Journal of Social Work, 9,2: 160-201 Burnett R A ; Roberts C ( 2004 ) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice, Developing Evidence Based Practice. Cullompton: Willan Burnett, R. A ; McNeill, F. ( 2005 ) ‘The topographic point of the officer-offender relationship in helping wrongdoers to abstain from offense. Probation Journal, 52,3: 221-242 Bushway, S.D. ; Thornberry, T.P. A ; Krohn, M.D. ( 2003 ) ‘Desistance as a developmental procedure: A comparing of inactive and dynamic attacks. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 2: 129-153 Cherry, S. ( 2005 ) Transforming Behaviour: Pro-social Modelling in Practice. Cullompton: Willan Dixon, L. A ; Ray, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Current issues and developments in race hatred offense Probation Journal, 54,2: 109-124 Farrall, S. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1999 ) ‘Structuration, human development and desistance from offense. British Journal of Criminology 17, 2: 255-267 Farrall, S. ( 2002 ) Rethinking What Works with Wrongdoers: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan Healy, D. A ; ODonnell, I. ( 2008 ) ‘Calling clip on offense: Motivation, generativity and bureau in Irish Probationers. Probation Journal, 55,1: 25-38 Jordan, R. A ; OHare, G. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Probation Board for Northern Ireland s Cognitive Self-Change Program: An overview of the pilot programme in the community. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 125-136 Loughran, H. ( 2006 ) ‘A topographic point for Motivational Interviewing in Probation? Irish Probation Journal, 3,1: 17-29 Martinson, R. ( 1974 ) ‘What works? Questions and replies about prison reform , ThePublic Interest, 10, 22-54 McCulloch, P. ( 2005 ) ‘Probation, societal context and desistance: retracing the relationship. Probation Journal, 52,1: 8-22 McGuire, J. A ; Priestly, P. ( 1995 ) ‘Reviewing â€Å"what works† : Past, nowadays and hereafter. In J. McGuire ( Ed. ) What Works in Reducing Re-offending. Sussex: Wiley McNeill, F. ( 2001 ) ‘Developing effectivity: Frontline Perspectives , Social Work Education, 20,6: 671-678 McNeill, F. ( 2006 ) ‘A desistance paradigm for wrongdoer direction Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 39-62 McWilliams, W. ( 1987 ) ‘Probation, pragmatism and policy , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26,2:97-121 Maruna, S. ( 2001 ) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lifes. Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association Maruna, S. ; Immarigeon, R. A ; LeBel, T.P. ( 2004 ) ‘Ex-offender Reintegration: Theory and Practice In: S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon ( explosive detection systems. ) After Crime and Punishment: Nerve pathwaies to Offender Integration, Cullompton: Willan Miller, W. A ; Rollnick, S. ( 2006 ) Motivational Interviewing, Gilford Press, New York Raynor, P. A ; Vanstone, M. ( 1994 ) ‘Probation pattern, effectivity and the non-treatment paradigm , British Journal of Social Work, 24,4: 387-404 Rex, S. ( 1999 ) ‘Desistance from piquing: Experiences of probation , Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 4: 366-383 Rex, S. A ; Bottoms, A. ( 2003 ) ‘Evaluating the judges: Researching the accreditation of wrongdoer programmes. Probation Journal, 50,4: 359-368 Smith, D. ( 2004 ) ‘The utilizations and maltreatments of positivism , in G. Mair ( Ed. ) What Matters in Probation, Cullompton: Willan Vanstone, M. ( 2000 ) ‘Cognitive-behavioural work with wrongdoers in the UK: a history of an influential enterprise , Howard Journal, 39,2: 171-183 Week 3 Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Date: 06/10/09 Lecture: 10am 1pm Nicola Carr Measuring the hazard of re-offending and the hazard of injury is one of the nucleus undertakings of the societal worker within the condemnable justness system.This talk will cover the background of appraisal and some of the factors that impact on appraisal. Particular attending will be paid to research grounds concerning, dynamic and inactive hazard factors in relation to piquing. In add-on, attending will be paid to protective factors and research relating to desistance from offense. An overview will be provided of a scope of hazard appraisal tools presently in usage within the condemnable justness system. Tutorial: 09/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) Nicola Carr and Alan Harpur This tutorial will be in a workshop format and will concentrate on the usage of hazard appraisal tools in relation to the appraisal of the hazard re-offending and hazard of injury with the purpose of be aftering intercessions to turn to these countries. Appraisal in condemnable justness contexts Aye-Maung, N. A ; Hammond, N. ( 2000 ) ‘Risk of re-offending and Needs Appraisals: The User s Perspective. ( Home Office Research Study 216 ) . London: Home Office Best, P. ( 2007 ) ‘ The Assessment, Case Management and Evaluation System ( ACE ) in Northern Ireland. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 101-107 Kemshall, H. ( 1998 ) Hazard in Probation Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate Kemshall, H. ( 2003 ) Understanding Hazard in Criminal Justice. Berkshire: Open University Press Kemshall, H. ( 2008 ) Understanding the Management of High Risk Offenders. Berkshire: Open University Press Merrington, S. A ; Skinns, J. ( 2002 ) ‘Using ACE to Profile Criminogenic Needs , Probation Studies Unit ACE Practitioner Bulletin No. 1, University of Oxford. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crim.ox.ac.uk/publications/psubull1.pdf ODwyer, G. ( 2008 ) ‘A Risk Assessment and Risk Management Approach to Sexual Offending for the Probation Service. Irish Probation Journal, Vol. 5: 84-91 Robinson, G. ( 2002 ) ‘Exploring hazard direction in probation pattern: modern-day developments in England and Wales. Punishment and Society, 4, 1: 5-25 Robinson, G. ( 2003 ) ‘Implementing OASys: lessons from research into LSI-R and ACE Probation Journal, 50, 1:30-40 Week 4 The impact of piquing working with victims of offense and Restorative Justice attacks Date: 13/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr This talk will turn to issues refering the impact of offense, and will research issues associating to victims of offense. The construct of the ‘victim of offense will be critically assessed with mention to a scope of literature, and the victim s function within the condemnable justness system will be explored. The function of the Social Worker in working with victims of offense will besides be analysed. The rules and patterns of renewing justness attacks will be examined and explored specifically in relation to the Northern Ireland context. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Victim Panel Susan Reid, Victim Support, Northern Ireland and Christine Hunter, PBNI Victims Unit ) The afternoon talk will affect a panel presentation from representatives from two bureaus working with victims of offense. The presenters will concentrate on peculiar issues and subjects associating to their work and pupils will hold an chance to discourse the issues raised. Victims and the Impact of Crime Hoyle, C. A ; Zedner, L. ( 2007 ) ‘Victims, victimization and the condemnable justness system. In M. Maguire ; R. Morgan A ; R. Reiner ( Eds. ) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology ( Fourth Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Hunter, C. ( 2005 ) ‘The View of Victims of Crime on How the Probation Board for Northern Ireland Victim Information Scheme Might Operate Irish Probation Journal, 2,1: 43-47 Norton, S. ( 2007 ) ‘The topographic point of victims in the Criminal Justice System. Irish Probation Journal, 4,1: 63-76 Williams, B. ( 2009 ) ‘Victims In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Renewing Justice Braithwaite, J. ( 1989 ) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Campbell C, Devlin R, OMahony D, Doak J ( 2005 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth conferencing Service NIO Research and Statistical Series: Report No 12 Daly, K. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative Justice: The existent narrative Punishment and Society, 4,1: 55-79 Daly, K. A ; Stubbs, J. ( 2006 ) ‘Feminist battle with renewing justness. Theoretical Criminology, 10, 1: 9-28 Gelsthorpe, L. A ; Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Restorative youth justness. The last traces of public assistance? In: J. Muncie ; G. Hughes A ; E. McLaughlin ( Eds. ) Youth Justice Critical Readings. London: Sage Gray, P. ( 2005 ) ‘The political relations of hazard and immature wrongdoers experiences of societal exclusion and renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 45,6: 938-957 Hamill, H. ( 2002 ) ‘Victims of paramilitary Punishment Attacks in Belfast. In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 49-70. , Oxford: Hart Hoyle, C. ( 2002 ) ‘Securing renewing justness for the â€Å"Non-Participating† Victim . In: In C. Hoyle A ; R. Young ( Eds. ) New Visions of Crime Victims, 97-132. , Oxford: Hart McEvoy, K. A ; Mika, H. ( 2002 ) ‘ Renewing Justice and the review of informalism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 3: 534-562 McLaughlin, E. ; Fergusson, R. ; Hughes, G. A ; Westmarland, L. Restorative Justice: Critical Issues London, Sage Marshall, T. ( 1999 ) Renewing Justice: An Overview. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-resjus.pdf Morris, A. ( 2002 ) ‘Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of renewing justness. British Journal of Criminology, 42,3: 596-615 OMahony, D. A ; Doak, J. ‘Restorative Justice- Is More Better? The Experience of Police-led Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol. 43, no. 5 Shapland, J. ; Atkinson, A. ; Atkinson, H. ; Dignan, J. ; Edwards, L ; Hibbert, J. Howes, M. ; Johnstone, J. ; Robinson, G. A ; Sorsby, A. ( 2008 ) Does renewing justness affect reconviction? The 4th study from the rating of three strategies. London: Ministry of Justice. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/restorative-justice-report_06-08.pdf Zehr H A ; Towes B ( EDS ) Critical Issues in Restorative Justice, Willan Publishing Week 5 Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Date: 20/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm ( Nicola Carr and Willie McAuley, PPNAI ) Public protection has formed an of import portion of the work of condemnable justness bureaus in recent old ages. This talk explores the ‘public protection discourse, and its practical deductions in relation to new ‘public protection agreements. The 2nd portion of this talk will concentrate on the function of societal work in relation to captives and their households and the function of relocation. Tutorial: 23/09/09 ( Group 1 ( 12-1 ) / Group 2 ( 1-2 ) This tutorial will follow from this hebdomad s talk and reference issues in relation to captives, the effects of imprisonment and relocation. Public Protection, Prisons and Resettlement Burnett, R. A ; Maruna, S. ( 2006 ) ‘The kindness of captives: Strengths-based relocation in theory and action. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1: 83-106 Corcoran, M. ( 2007 ) ‘Normalisation and its discontents: Constructing the ‘irreconcilable female political captive in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, 47,3: 405-422 Her Majesty s Inspectorates of Prison and Probation ( 2001 ) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/prison-gate-rps.pdf Kemshall, H. ( 1996 ) Reviewing Hazard: A reappraisal of the research on the appraisal and direction of hazard and dangerousness: Deductions for policy and pattern in the Probation Service. London: Home Office Kemshall, H. A ; Maguire, M. ( 2001 ) ‘Public Protection, partnership and hazard penality: The Multi-Agency hazard direction of sexual and violent wrongdoers. Punishment and Society, 3,2: 237-264 Lewis, S. ; Vennard, J. ; Maguire, M. ; Raynor, P. ; Vanstone, M. ; Raybould, S. A ; Rix, A. ( 2003 ) The Resettlement of short-run captives: an rating of seven scouts. London: Home Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/occ83pathfinders.pdf McEvoy, K. ; Shirlow, P. A ; McElrath, K. ( 2004 ) ‘Resistance, passage and exclusion: Politically motivated ex-prisoners and struggle transmutation in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16, 3: 646-670 Maguire, M. A ; Raynor, P. ( 2006 ) ‘How the relocation of captives promotes desistance from offense: Or does it? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 1:19-38 Maruna, S. A ; Liebling, A. ( 2004 ) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Saint matthews, R. ( 2009 ) ‘Prisons in C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2004 ) The Hurt Inside. The Imprisonment of adult females and misss in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statewatch.org/news/2004/oct/the-hurt-inside-nihrc.pdf Scraton, P. A ; Moore, L. ( 2005 ) ‘Degradation, injury and endurance in a adult females s prison. Social Policy and Society, 5, 1: 67-7 Wahidin, A. ( 2009 ) ‘Ageing in prison: offense and the condemnable justness system. In: C. Hale ; K, Hayward ; A. Wahidin A ; E. Wincup ( Eds. ) Criminology ( Second Edition ) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Week 6: Working with immature people in the condemnable justness system reconciliation public assistance and justness? Date: 27/10/09 Lecture: 10am to 1pm Nicola Carr Working with immature people who are involved in the condemnable justness system involves turn toing the context of piquing and the public assistance needs of the immature individual. This talk will cover the theories and patterns that inform this work, with mention to research literature and the current system and policy context in Northern Ireland. Lecture: 2pm to 4pm ( Kelvin Doherty, Youth Justice Agency ) The afternoon talk will be delivered by Kelvin Doherty, from the Youth Justice Agency, who will supply an overview of the young person conferencing service in Northern Ireland. The talk will concentrate on the purposes, principle and operation of young person conferences through an synergistic session. Working with Young People in the Criminal Justice System Campbell, C. ; Devlin, R. ; OMahony, D. ; Doak, J. ; Jackson, J. ; Corrigan, T. A ; McEvoy, K. ( 2006 ) Evaluation of the Northern Ireland Youth Conference Service. Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/evaluation_of_the_northern_ireland_youth_conference_service.pdf Ellison, G. ( 2001 ) Young Peoples, Crime, Policing and Victimisation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queen s University. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ellison00.htm Graham, J. A ; Bowling, B. ( 1995 ) Young Peoples and Crime ( Home Office Research Study No. 145 ) , London: Home Office Hamilton, J. ; Radford, K. A ; Jarman, N. ( 2003 ) Patroling, Accountability and Young People. Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/policeyp.pdf Include Youth ( 2008 ) A Manifesto for Youth Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Include Youth. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/fs/doc/Include-Youth-Manifesto-2008.pdf Leonard, M. ( 2004 ) Children in Interface Areas: Contemplations from North Belfast. Belfast: Salvage the Children Muncie, J. ( 2004 ) Young person and Crime ( Second Edition ) London: Sage NICCY ( 2008 ) Children in Conflict with the Law and the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Belfast: NICCY. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/uploaded_docs/1_71784_NIC71784 % 20Childrens % 20Rights % 20Text % 208.pdf OMahony, D. A ; Deazley, R. ( 2000 ) Juvenile Crime and Youth Justice, Review of the Criminal Justice System for Northern Ireland. Research Report No. 17. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office OMahony, D. A ; Campbell, C. ( 2006 ) ‘Mainstreaming renewing justness for immature wrongdoers through young person conferencing: The experience of Northern Ireland. In: J. Junger-Tas A ; S.H. Decker ( Eds. ) 93-116, International Handbook of Juvenile Justice. Quinn, K. A ; Jackson, J. ( 2003 ) The Detention and Questioning of Young People by the Police in Northern Ireland. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/detention_and_questioning_of_young_persons_by_the_police_in_northern_ireland_part1.pdf Scraton, P. ( 2007 ) ‘Children immature people and struggle in Northern Ireland. In: P. Scraton Power, Conflict and Criminalisation. London: Routledge Smyth, M. with Fay, M.T. ; Brough, E. A ; Hamilton, J. ( 2004 ) The Impact of Political Conflict on Children in Northern Ireland. Belfast: ICR. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/documents/CCICReport.pdf Whyte, B. ( 2009 ) Youth Justice in Practice. Making a Difference. Bristol: Policy Imperativeness Useful Web sites Extern Is a voluntary sector administration that provides services to wrongdoers. The website provides item on the background and work of the administration. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.extern.org Howard League The Howard League is a penal reform administration. Its website contains information in relation to the penal system in England and Wales, intelligence of developments within the penal system and policy and research paperss. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howardleague.org/ Include Youth an independent administration that actively promotes the rights, best involvements of and best pattern with immature people in demand or at hazard. This website includes studies on immature people s experiences of the condemnable justness system: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.includeyouth.org/about-us/ Institute for Conflict Research The Institute for Conflict Research is an independent research administration, which specialises in working on issues related to conflict, human rights, societal transmutation and societal justness. The administration s web site contains a scope of publications of relevancy to the condemnable justness context. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conflictresearch.org.uk/cms/ NIACRO is a voluntary administration that works with people who offend. It offers employment and preparation services and besides works with captives and their households. The administration s web site contains a scope of information on the services they provide and it besides includes a figure of publications. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niacro.co.uk/ NICCY- Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People. This website includes research studies on issues refering kids and immature people. It has a scope of research studies and policy paperss associating to immature people and the juvenile justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niccy.org/ Northern Ireland Office The Northern Ireland Office ( NIO ) was established in 1972 following the disintegration of the Northern Ireland authorities. Its current function is to back up the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland ‘in procuring a permanent peace . ‘The NIO presently has duty for Northern Ireland s constitutional and security issues, in peculiar, jurisprudence and order, political personal businesss, patroling and condemnable justness. The web site of the NIO contains all the recent condemnable justness statute law, policy paperss and counsel. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/ Northern Ireland Prison Service The Northern Ireland Prison Service s website provides overview information on the prison estate in Northern Ireland. It contains a scope of statistical information on the prison population. It besides contains policy paperss associating to the operation of the prison service. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.niprisonservice.gov.uk/index.cfm PBNI The Probation Board of Northern Ireland s web site provides item on the construction of the probation service in Northern Ireland and the scope of intercessions and work undertaken by the Probation Service. The web site besides contains all of the back issues of the Irish Probation Journal in a downloadable format. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbni.org.uk/site/Home.aspx? x=eTyoYPm5488= Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland -The ombudsman investigates and trades with ailments associating to the constabulary and policing in Northern Ireland. The website provides information on the function of the Ombudsman and statistics and information in relation to ailments. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policeombudsman.org/index.cfm PSNI The web site of the Police Service of Northern Ireland provides an overview of the service and provides a scope of information including policy paperss associating to patroling in Northern Ireland. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psni.police.uk/ Prison Reform Trust The prison reform trust contains a broad scope of up to day of the month information on the prison system in the United Kingdom, including item on day-to-day prison Numberss and countries of concern sing imprisonment. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Public Protection Northern Ireland This website provides item on the public protection agreements in topographic point in Northern Ireland following the debut of the Criminal Justice ( NI ) Order 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ Youth Justice Agency The declared purposes of the Youth Justice Agency of NI is to forestall offending by kids. In making so, it delivers a scope of services, frequently in partnership with others, to assist kids turn to their piquing behavior, deviate them from offense, help their integrating into the community, and to run into the demands of victims of offense. The bureau s web site provides a utile usher of the scope of countenances available for immature people involved in piquing and provides item on the renewing justness theoretical account. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthjusticeagencyni.gov.uk/ Youth Justice Board The Youth Justice Board oversees the young person justness system in England and Wales. Its web site contains a scope of research studies and policy paperss that provide utile information on working with immature people in the condemnable justness system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yjb.gov.uk/en-gb/ Key Legislation and Reports Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 1996 Condemnable Justice ( Children ) ( NI ) Order 1998 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2002 Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Act, 2004 Anti-Social Behaviour ( Northern Ireland ) Act 2004 Condemnable Justice ( NI ) Order 2008 ‘The Patten Report Patten, C. ( 1999 ) A New Beginning: Policing and Northern Ireland. The Report of the Independent Commission on Northern Ireland.London: HMSO Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/patten/patten99.pdf Reappraisal of the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland ( 2000 ) Capital of northern ireland: The Stationery Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nio.gov.uk/review_of_the_criminal_justice_system_in_northern_ireland.pdf Public Protection Arrangements Northern Ireland ( PPANI ) Guidance to Agencies. Capital of northern ireland: Northern Ireland Office. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publicprotectionni.com/ SWK3005 Social Work in the Criminal Justice Context, 2009-2010

Sony Integrated Marketing Communications Case Study

Sony Integrated Marketing Communications - Case Study Example The 2008 fiscal year of Sony ended in the month of March and the audit reports show that annual sales that were made by Sony in the year of 2008 equaled about $US90bilion which is a great amount. The number of employees that Sony has equals to about 190,000 people located in the manufacturing factors and in the offices all around the world. Sony is one company which has gained the success that it truly deserves and it has been known that it is one of the companies that is public in nature. It has got hold on the shares in four of the major stock exchanges in the worlds which include the stock exchanges based in New York, London, Tokyo and Osaka. In addition to this Sony is the brand with has about 1006 of the total subsidiaries located on an international scale (Squire, 2001, p. 22). The marketing orientation evolved the ideology of marketing providing the newer way of thinking to people. It included the point that the customers or the consumers are the entities who are much more important than the profitability as customers are the stakeholders for the organizations. It is being said that the marketing is still evolving and the better changes are seen in the field of the marketing these days. It is said that these days are the days when the evolution of marketing has entered into fourth stage. The fourth evolutionary stage of the marketing is known as the personal marketing orientation and this is the one that is considered to be the better approach as compared to ones in previous (Abramson, 2003, p. 44). The fourth stage is the one that makes the point that the individual based marketing is the key to the successful marketing and by proper utilization of this stage and with proper understating this is the way that can be used to reach the customers on an individual basis. The marketing thereby can be done on an individual basis which seems to be a better and an integrating marketing approach (Shaw, 2005, p. 93). Since the start of the term of marketing, it has been seen that changes have been occurring in the field of marketing leading to the strategic approach being adopted by the marketers in many ways. The marketing that has been recognized in previous times as the business approach has been to make more and more of the profits has now changed to the one that has been to attract more and more customers so as to gain the view point of the product or the firm itself (Hollensen, 2008, p. 11). The main responsibility of the marketers based at Sony is to expand the brands name across the borders a bit more. It

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) Essay

Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) - Essay Example Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-consumer (B2C) are two types of e-businesses found on the Internet. E-commerce is an umbrella term used for all business done online but when close studied there are some technical differences which set of type of business apart from another. B2B is the business where both parties are organizations or companies working with each other for some kind of mutual benefit such as Skillbay.com. An example of this would be industrial suppliers or manufacturers who sell to a business that eventually takes final goods to the customers. Whereas most other sites would fall in the category of B2C since organizations are selling their services or products to consumers. Examples include Amazon.com and Walmart.com.The main difference between a B2B and a B2C is that of who purchases at the other end, whether it's the consumer or a business buyer as defined earlier. The other difference is the complexity of the business-to-business setup as compared to a busi ness to consumer setup. Supply chain management gets involved with in a business-to-business setup making the online process all the more complicated. And then there is also an issue of security that needs special consideration in business to business as compared to the business to consumer e-commerce. The other differences could be the negotiation and integration. Negotiation means bargaining prices and in case of business-to-business selling the most important thing is a negotiation.... While the business to consumer seems very easy as the any online retail store would just has to upload a catalog with prices and specification, the negotiation part involves another complexity within the business to business setup and that is of integration. There needs to be integration between the seller and the buyer system for effective business-to-business e-commerce to take place. At times, the buying company could not integrate with the selling company and vice versa which makes the transaction difficult to handle. Channel integration was also a problem for the business to consumer e-commerce in the earlier phase of e-commerce development as a lot of stores declined to connect their Web companies through the internal back office systems. Many companies rejected in an effort to build up a distinct Web unit and articulated much about the efforts of those who approached them as cannibalization of present sites. However, as it proved it was much of a fear than the actual eating up and companies like the Gap without delay adjusted to the new system in order to let customers do online transactions and in case of any default return the products back to the physical retailer. This opportunity and ease pulled out many fears of the customers of an online shopping system and in turn increased online sales as there could be more effective follow-up system online and the order management would be handled more effectively. This not only gave confidence to the online shopper but also increased the value of th e products and services they purchased. There are various ethical and legal regulations to follow when these businesses are started. Like any other business, online organizations have a responsibility towards their clients and this includes

About photo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

About photo - Essay Example Police officers have been quoting Section 44 of Terrorism Act 2000 when arresting photographers for photographing certain public places terming the act as being illegal. However, this paper aims at making the readers know that the power of law enforcement officers to stop and search photographers doing public photographing was ruled illegal during the year 2010. Therefore, photographers have the right to take photographs of public places in which they have legal access to without being stopped, searched or arrested. Any police officer attempting to search digital data possessed by a photographer should have a search warrant1 (Krages, 2011, p. 212). According to Lewis (2010, p.2), during the year 2009 unlawful conviction of a photographer named Robert Palmer cost the New York Police Department a total of $30 000. The amount of money was paid to the victim as damages because he was convicted unlawfully. Moreover, During December 19th, 2009, an amateur photographer was arrested in Lancashire Town for taking photos that were considered to be suspicious and triggering antisocial behavior by the police officers2 (Lewis, 2010, p. 5). The law enforcement officers questioned him under the anti-terrorism legislation and later arrested him. Nevertheless, during the year 2011, police officers arrested a photographer named Clint Fillinger for taking photos of a House Fire Crime Scene3 (Potter, 2012, p.1). In response to the unlawful arrests of photographers, Mickey Osterreicher, a general counsel of the National Press Photographers Association, says, â€Å"†¦police treat anyone with a camera as a suspect† (Potter, 2012, p.3). Moreover, John Timoney, the former police chief in Philadelphia and Miami confessed that there have been increased tension between police officers and photographers that has led to the unlawful arrests and convictions (Potter, 2012, p.4). Police officers have continued to violate the rights of

What is Socially Believed to be Beautiful

You can never be too thin or too rich, said the Duchess of Windsor. She might have added â€Å"or too pretty. † What psychologists call the â€Å"attractiveness stereotype† is so strong that beauty is literally equated with goodness. Good-looking people are not only preferred for dates, friendships and jobs, they're believed to have more intelligence and integrity. It goes without saying that the beauty bias is even more powerful and universal for women. Beautiful women are thought to be more feminine, and femininity is associated with being emotional, passive and nurturing (Heilman). There's not much bad news about being beautiful. Helena Maria Viramonte†s â€Å"Miss Clairol† focuses on this point. She uses the characters of mother and daughter, Arlene and Champ, to emphasis the vanity of our culture and the reliance on the products required for a transformation into what is socially believed to be beautiful. Recently in history, women, who were far from being pawns and victims, used makeup to declare their freedom, identity, and sexual allure as they flocked to enter public life. The first social history of American beauty culture: a richly textured account of how women created the cosmetics industry and how cosmetics created the modern woman. You don't need the latest census to tell you that America is, more than ever, a rainbow of faces with worldwide roots. More and more women of African, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American heritage are celebrating their own personal beauty, and the cosmetics industry is responding. Viramonte uses the character of Champ to show the changing mood in America towards the need to fall in line for men and the cultures expectations. Arlene is from an older generation that requires a man for survival. This was a time of women's rights and freedom of expression. The women are entering the workplace side by side of men and the rules would change towards the believe of beauty is required to succeed in life (Heilman). It is very unfortunate, but very beautiful women are patronized in professional situations, sexually harassed in private and hassled on the street in greater numbers than their less stunning sisters. A breathtaking beauty can be isolated by both the jealousy of other women and men's fear of rejection. Extremely beautiful women can also fall into their own snares. Some never challenge themselves beyond their looks, and end up in considerable fear of losing them. (In middle age, exceptional beauties have been found to be less happy than average-looking women. ) But, considering all the advantages, â€Å"Please don't hate me because I'm beautiful† can sound like a ridiculous whine. Most of us would take the gamble. Because what is beautiful is sex-typed, attractive men are thought more competent, and attractive women less competent (Heilman). â€Å"Attractive women have a significant edge landing management positions because they are more able to step out of sex roles in the job market,†says psychologist Barry Gillen. The implication is that it pays to appear as unattractive and masculine as possible to succeed in traditional organizations. If all other factors being equal, the â€Å"good-looking† earn 10% more than the â€Å"homely,† and that the situation was worse for men than women (Wall Street Journal). Overall the attractive earn higher salaries, but a breakdown revealed that the advantage applied to men, older subjects and people in â€Å"male† jobs, but was not true for women, younger subjects and â€Å"female† jobs (Heilman). â€Å"The only aspect of corporate success that other executives don't associate in some way with either gender or appearance,† says Madeline Heilman of New York University. A woman whose ascent is swift is considered to have risen due to her merit. Maria Viramonte†s â€Å"Miss Clairol† hits on the point of how sex an achievement into adulthood. The characters are shown to be mere objects to men, and sex is only a tool required to transport them to their belief of the American dream: little yellow house with a white picket fence, couple of kids, a dog, and a wonderful hard working husband as shown on television. Young women are warned, â€Å"Men only want one thing! † Older women have been heard to say, â€Å"So where are those sex maniacs? † As comedians know, timing is everything. Psychologists who examine biology to explain the differences between men's and women's attitudes toward sex connect men's greater concern with a partner's appearance to the evolutionary imperative to carry on the species: Men are seeking sex with a woman young enough to bear children. Women, on the other hand, look to a man's status (often indistinguishable in our society from his bank account) to ensure protection while bearing and caring for the next generation. It's a numbers game, say evolutionary psychologists: many sperm, few eggs. Men were programmed to sow as many seed as possible (screw anything that moves). Women were engineered to save their health and energy during the long human gestation period (could easily prefer a nap or a bite to eat). Though it may preserve elements of our evolutionary past, sexual attraction is more influenced by current cultural standards. The problem comes up when the standard is Barbie. Women judge themselves more harshly than men do. The majority of women believe men want them to be thinner, bustier and blonder than they are. Men prefer a larger ideal female figure than women do. Eighty-four percent of women think men prefer blonde hair; the real figure is 35%. Men tend to favor women with the same hair color they have. Men tend to think they're fine just as they are. Women substantially overestimate society's fixation on large breasts (Peacock). Women, who want â€Å"better† bodies aren't just trying to please men, but are motivated by personal ideals. Today, 47% of normal-weight American women who think they are too fat are making themselves unhappy by buying into the improbable supermodel standard. Just as Champ is fixed on collected all the photos of ideal women from magazines. Champ and all women are lost in a void of what they believe are the aesthetics of beauty. What men want is not nearly as extraordinary as women might imagine. Psychologists and their term â€Å"attractiveness stereotype† are so strong that beauty is literally equated with goodness. Good-looking people are always going to have the advantage in our culture. That†s just the way it is, and most likely always will be. The shift is towards truth and not ignorance; smart people are winning more battles. The truth of it all is that in the end the battle of vanity, an undue pride in ourselves and our appearance will always end with us when we are all alone.

Its All About the Law Paper Essay

Many states fail when it comes to providing policies that support the rights of English Language Learners. According to Quality Counts 2009, only New York, Florida and Arizona mandate that teachers receive training on how to work with English Language Learners. Research shows that approximately eleven states offer incent for incentives for teachers to get bilingual credentials. Certain states offer policies that try to stop the process for teachers and support staff to assist students in keeping an attachment to their native languages. In 2009, Quality Counts asserted that, seven states—Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, placed bans or restrictions on the use of native-language instruction with English Language Learners. Citizens in these states however are voting to bring about a change. As it was quoted by Judge William Douglass, â€Å"Under these state-imposed standards there is no equality of treatment merely by provid ing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers, and curriculum; for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. We know that those who do not understand English are certain to find their classroom experiences wholly incomprehensible and in no way meaningful.†(Wright 2010). The Massachusetts English Language Education in Public Schools Initiative, which some call Quest, was approved in Massachusetts. The Objective of Question 2 was to have ESL students be immersed into learning English by requiring all their subjects in English. In addition to the fast track curriculum, students would be placed in English language classrooms. Students that could not successfully complete assignments in English and whom could not speak English would go through a year long sheltered English immersion program. If and when the student is able to complete schoolwork in English, the student would then transition into an English language mainstream classroom. (http://www.ballotpedia.org). Ron Unz is the individual responsible for Proposition 203 in Arizona. Also referred to as the Unz initiative, proposition 203, is a proposal that 63% of Arizona citizens voted for on November 7, 2000. Proposition 203 minimizes the amount of instruction available to English language students. Because of a shortage in bilingual teachers the freedom that Arizona schools once had in educating English Language Learners has been reduced. The resolve to this issue is again a rapid English immersion program. According to the legislative program, parents or guardians of English Language Learners can request for their children to sit out of the English Immersion Program under these specific circumstances. The circumstances were as followed: If it could be proven that the child already knows English, if the child is older than grade school age or if the child is identified as having special needs. (Wright 2005) In Colorado, Amendment 31 was the initiative placed in front of citizens to vote on. Colorado’s proposal was on the November 2002 ballot as a constitutional amendment. To the dismay of ESL Learners, the initiative was not accepted. The law, if accepted, would make it mandatory for all public school students to have to learn their schoolwork in English, unless otherwise exempted. According to the website ballotpedia.org, it would be required for school districts to identify (with evidence) English learners, and to test their English proficiency once a year. Consequently, stakeholders established programs to educate ESL students English skills. This was necessary to participate in a school’s regular educational program. Over 70,000 public school students, or approximately nine percent of Colorado’s public school enrollment, qualified as an English learner. (ballotpedia.org) The types of programming English Language Learners received are as followed. English Language Learners received assistance through one of the following options: 1. English as a Second Language: Students are taught mainly or entirely in English with some native tongue assistance. 2. Bilingual education programs- English Language Learners are taught in their native language how to learn English 3. Dual language programs or dual immersion programs: Subjects are taught in two languages in order to develop proficiency in both languages. Requirements for this program is that these programs must be fluent in English or be English learners. In closing, in analyzing the three different state proposed legislatures of Colorado, Arizona and Massachusetts, they are all similar in objective. The difference is that Colorado initiative was not accepted. The similarity of three initiatives is that they were all fighting for English Immersion classes for English Language Learners. The English for the Children campaign was spear headed or supported in California, Arizona and Massachusetts by Ron Unz. In some states the percentages of English Language Learners is great in volume. Thus ESL they would ultimately benefit from the initiatives the most. References Colorado English Amendment 31(2002). Retrieved October 17, 2012. http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Colorado_English,_Amendment_31_%28200 Massachusetts English in Public Schools Initiative, Question 2 (2002 .Retrieved October 16, 2012 .www.ballotpedia.org/†¦/Massachusetts_English_in_Public_Schools_I†¦ Wright, W.E. (2005). The political spectacle of Arizona’s Proposition 203. Educational Policy, 19,662-700.

Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights

Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights Grandfather clauses were statutes that seven Southern states implemented in the 1890s and early 1900s to prevent African Americans from voting. The statutes allowed any person who had been granted the right to vote before 1867 to continue voting without needing to take literacy tests, own property, or pay poll taxes. The name â€Å"grandfather clause† comes from the fact that the statute also applied to the descendants of anyone who had been granted the right to vote before 1867. Since most African Americans were enslaved prior to the 1860s and did not have the right to vote, grandfather clauses prevented them from voting even after they had won their freedom from slavery. How the Grandfather Clause Disenfranchised Voters The 15th Amendment of the Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1870. This amendment stated that the â€Å"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† In theory, this amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. However, black Americans had the right to vote in theory only. The Grandfather clause stripped them of their right to vote by requiring them to pay taxes, take literacy tests or constitutional quizzes, and overcome other barriers simply to cast a ballot. White Americans, on the other hand, could vote get around these requirements if they or their relatives had already had the right to vote prior to 1867- in other words, they were grandfathered in by the clause. Southern states such as Louisiana, the first to institute the statutes, enacted grandfather clauses even though they knew these statutes violated the U.S. Constitution, so they put a time limit on them in hopes that they could register white voters and disenfranchise black voters before the courts overturned the laws. Lawsuits can take years, and Southern lawmakers knew that most African Americans could not afford to file lawsuits related to grandfather clauses. Grandfather clauses weren’t just about racism. They were also about limiting the political power of African Americans, most of whom were loyal Republicans because of Abraham Lincoln. Most Southerners at the time were Democrats, later known as Dixiecrats, who had opposed Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. But grandfather clauses weren’t limited to Southern states and didn’t just target Black Americans. Northeast states like Massachusetts and Connecticut required voters to take literacy tests because they wanted to keep immigrants in the region from voting, since these newcomers tended to back Democrats during a time when the Northeast leaned Republican. Some of the South’s grandfather clauses may have even been based on a Massachusetts statute. The Supreme Court Weighs In: Guinn v. United States Thanks to the NAACP, the civil rights group established in 1909, Oklahomas grandfather clause faced a challenge in court. The organization urged a lawyer to fight the state’s grandfather clause, implemented in 1910. Oklahoma’s grandfather clause stated the following: â€Å"No person shall be registered as an elector of this state or be allowed to vote in any election held herein, unless he be able to read and write any section of the Constitution of the state of Oklahoma; but no person who was, on January 1, 1866, or any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under any form of government, or who at that time resided in some foreign nation, and no lineal descendant of such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote because of his inability to so read and write sections of such Constitution.† The clause gave white voters an unfair advantage, since the grandfathers of black voters had been enslaved prior to 1866 and were, thus, barred from voting. Moreover, enslaved African Americans were typically forbidden to read, and illiteracy remained a problem (both in the white and black communities) well after slavery was abolished. The U.S. Supreme Court decided unanimously in the 1915 case Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses in Oklahoma and Maryland violated the constitutional rights of African Americans. That’s because the 15th Amendment declared that U.S. citizens should have equal voting rights. The Supreme Court’s ruling meant that grandfather clauses in states such as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia were also overturned. Despite the high court’s finding that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional, Oklahoma and other states continued to pass laws that made it impossible for African Americans to vote. The Oklahoma Legislature, for example, responded to the Supreme Court ruling by passing a new law that automatically registered the voters who’d been on the rolls when the grandfather clause was in effect. Anyone else, on the other hand, had only between April 30 and May 11, 1916, to sign up to vote or they would lose their voting rights forever. That Oklahoma law remained in effect until 1939 when the Supreme Court overturned it in Lane v. Wilson, finding that it infringed on the rights of voters outlined in the Constitution. Still, black voters throughout the South faced huge barriers when they tried to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Even if African Americans managed to pass a literacy test, pay a poll tax, or complete other hurdles, they could be punished for voting in other ways. After slavery, large numbers of blacks in the South worked for white farm owners as tenant farmers or sharecroppers in exchange for a small cut of the profits from the crops grown. They also tended to live on the land they farmed, so voting as a sharecropper could mean not only losing one’s job but also being forced out of one’s home if the landowner opposed black suffrage. In addition to potentially losing their employment and housing if they voted, African Americans who engaged in this civic duty could find themselves targets of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. These groups terrorized black communities with night rides during which they would burn crosses on lawns, set homes alight, or force their way into black households to intimidate, brutalize, or lynch their targets. But courageous blacks exercised their right to vote, even if meant losing everything, including their lives. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated many of the barriers that black voters in the South encountered, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. The act also led to the federal government overseeing voter registration. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is credited with finally making the 15th Amendment a reality. Sources â€Å"Along the Color Line: Political,†Ã‚  The Crisis, volume 1, n. 1, November 11, 1910.Brenc, Willie. The Grandfather Clause (1898-1915). BlackPast.org. Greenblatt, Alan. â€Å"The Racial History Of The ‘Grandfather Clause.’† NPR 22 October, 2013.Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. Basic Books, 2009. United States; Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George; Thomas, Kenneth R. The Constitution of the United States of America:  Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002. Government Printing Office, 2004.

Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essays

Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essays Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essay Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essay Introduction It is normally believed that male parents should be offered paternity or paternal leave from their Organizations because it gives them the chance to link with the kid while supplying female parents a piece to bring around and loosen up. A male parent being on parental leave besides helps when the female parent is retrieving or affected by post-partum depressive upsets. It gives the female parent an chance to acquire back to day-to-day work and non worry about seeking for an appropriate child care centre at the minute. Fathers should hold the experience and joy of feeding. shouting. vesture. bathing and comforting their kids. It can give the female parent clip to her and the ability to take attention of her personal demands. while giving male parents the opportunity to give a assisting manus around the house. It is non a fact that dad’s merely attention for their occupation. Their purpose towards paternity foliages shows their heartiest concern and strong bonding of household so it is really of import for a strong household relationship and for the interest of kid improvement attending given by male parent gives him bravery and assurance in the early growth age. The turning heads of kid flourishes and lighten up with a particular value and qualitative clip given by male parent. Thesis Statement: Paternity leaves of male parents a extremely important for both. a adult female and freshly born kid Parental leave for male parents must be specified because it gives male parents a fantastic experience to bond with their kids. gives female parents a opportunity to mend after holding a babe. and helps the new male parent feel excess involved in fostering their kid. Maternity leave refers to the period of clip that a new female parent takes off from work following the birth of her babe. Mat ernity leave is normally created signifier a assortment of benefits that include ill leave. holiday clip. holiday. short term disablement ; personal yearss and unpaid household leave clip. It is of import to be after the pregnancy leave so that the pregnant adult females and their household make non see any unexpected fiscal challenges and they can do the most of their clip with the babe ( Yonkers. Kimberly A. . et al 403 ) . There are hazards any clip a adult female gives birth. For an illustration: cesarian birth has a greater hazard and a longer recovery clip than a natural birth. A cesarian birth occurs through an scratch in the abdominal wall and womb instead than via the vagina. There has been a regular addition in cesarian births over the old 30 old ages. More than 1 in every 4 adult females is expected to see a bringing through cesarian operation. The yearss following a cesarian birth can be the most ambitious times for female parents and households. After a bringing. a female parent needs to let her organic structure to mend and rest. Preferably. this means small or wholly no house-work or running after small 1s. If a adult female have other kids at place. recovery entirely would be really hard. Having a support squad to assist with the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities is needed. This is the most needful clip for a partner to be at place to assist with the recovery every bit good as the neonates attention. With individual parents this becomes more of a challenge. A individual parent would necessitate to enroll her support squad from friends. household. and church members. Individual male parents are an often-overlooked group in American society. Their Numberss. nevertheless. go on to increase. Harmonizing to the National Centre for Fathering. the figure of individual pas in the U. S. has at least twofold since 1980. to about 1. 6 million. and the figure of individual male parents continues to turn twice every bit fast as the figure of individual female parents ( Nomaguchi and Melissa 356 ) . With a individual male parent there is no recovery clip needed but the challenge of t aking attention of a newborn remains. As mentioned above kid birth does transport hazards and one of the hazards can ensue in decease. Now the neonate has one parent. the male parent. This male parent will necessitate the clip to care for the newborn and acclimatize himself to being a individual parent. A survey done in Scandinavia by Andrea Doucet. a professor of Sociology and Woman Studies at the Brock University in Canada. indicates that: In 1980. merely 5 % of Swedish male parents took parental leave. Ms. Doucet points out that ten old ages subsequently. it rose 7 % . It was merely when non-transferable and well-paid leave for male parents ( besides referred to as the daddy month ) was introduced in 1996 that uptake rapidly rose to 77 % . Another daddy month was applied in the twelvemonth 2002 and the statistics have increased to above 90 % . We don’t know what this all [ finally ] leads to. but what it certainly leads to is male parents being more invested in the household. Dr. Doucet said. Every male parent I have interviewed who’s taken leaves merely admirations at the clip. It merely lets them to be involved in the household and allows them to acquire out of the rut of working full-time. which is instead something that work forces are merely get downing to see †¦ [ and ] which is of import since women’s employment rates are acquiring increased in an exponential way ( Galtry. Judith. and Paul 219 ) . The major important factor is the wellbeing of the kid. The first six hebdomads of a newborns life consist of changeless eating and monitoring. With the female parent in a convalescence period. it is difficult to pick up the kid and travel to the physician assignment or for a simple food market shop tally. Having a male parent place to assist with these jobs will assist the female parent to retrieve rapidly so that she can return to work on agenda. Plants Cited Galtry. Judith. and Paul Callister. Assessing the Optimal Length of Parental Leave for Child and Parental Well-Being How Can Research Inform Policy? . Journal of Family Issues 26. 2 ( 2005 ) : 219-246. Nomaguchi. Kei M. . and Melissa A. Milkie. Costs and wagess of kids: The effects of going a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of matrimony and household 65. 2 ( 2003 ) : 356-374. Yonkers. Kimberly A. . et Al. The direction of depression during gestation: a study from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. General infirmary psychopathology 31. 5 ( 2009 ) : 403-413.

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR Assignment

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR - Assignment Example (1), Pp. 25-35. The study was carried out in an attempt to determine whether the personality fit between the drivers of NASCAR and their major sponsors affects the outcome of consumer attitudes in terms of sponsorships to the sponsor. The study also intended to determine whether the consumer attitudes towards the brand and the purchase intentions are affected by the personality fit between drivers and their sponsors. A literature review on NASCAR was carried out and it was noted that all fans of NASCAR normally choose their favourite driver based on the driver’s personality. It was also noted that the drivers are normally used as brand endorsers and they normally represent the brands of their sponsors. The review also notes that the drivers are normally branded with the brand name of their sponsors in that their uniforms, helmets and their cars bear the names of the brands. A theoretical framework was also presented in relation to event sponsorship and celebrity endorsements. The hypothesis adopted by the researchers is related to the congruence theory and they noted that people are more likely to process, store and remember information if it is related to information they have seen before. The hypothesis used in this study suggests that the response of customers to advertisements or sponsorships is significantly affected by the similarity of the endorser and the brand personality.

Strategic Magagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Magagement - Essay Example The company that is going to be discussed is Apple—most notably because Apple just did appoint a new CEO. Steve Jobs is now no longer the CEO. Instead that post will be taken over by Tim Cook, who was second-in-command. This is the implementation plan for Apple that emphasizes each of the eight components of strategy execution, which will be described in depth herein. Apple’s strategic business unit (SBU) could probably be best defined by its various technologies (the MacBook, iPod, and iPhone)—so we will focus on those elements for right now in terms of what will work as a strategy versus what won’t. Every manager has an active role. Every manager at Apple will continue to have the most of the same levels of responsibility that he or she was managing before the change of the CEO. Some responsibilities, however, may shift in terms of what is expected of each manager. Some managers at the Apple Genius Bars, for example, may have to relinquish control to higher-ups, and also do some work of the incoming recruits—thus having to be more adaptable to any new company policy. There is no proven â€Å"formula† for implementing particular types of strategies. Apple does not claim to have any corner on the market when it comes to product development, per se; rather, Apple has an ingenuity that defies definition. To say that there is no proven formula for success is partially untrue. There are certain guidelines which help make sure that a product line will have success, and that is what will be discussed more in-depth in the next section. there are definitely guidelines within the Apple corporation about how to implement new business strategies. Apple culture dictates that, although there are set guidelines, but no one need be so strictly adherent about the policies that it overrides creativity within the corporation. There are usually several ways to proceed that are capable