Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights

Grandfather Clauses and Their Impact on Voting Rights Grandfather clauses were statutes that seven Southern states implemented in the 1890s and early 1900s to prevent African Americans from voting. The statutes allowed any person who had been granted the right to vote before 1867 to continue voting without needing to take literacy tests, own property, or pay poll taxes. The name â€Å"grandfather clause† comes from the fact that the statute also applied to the descendants of anyone who had been granted the right to vote before 1867. Since most African Americans were enslaved prior to the 1860s and did not have the right to vote, grandfather clauses prevented them from voting even after they had won their freedom from slavery. How the Grandfather Clause Disenfranchised Voters The 15th Amendment of the Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1870. This amendment stated that the â€Å"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† In theory, this amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. However, black Americans had the right to vote in theory only. The Grandfather clause stripped them of their right to vote by requiring them to pay taxes, take literacy tests or constitutional quizzes, and overcome other barriers simply to cast a ballot. White Americans, on the other hand, could vote get around these requirements if they or their relatives had already had the right to vote prior to 1867- in other words, they were grandfathered in by the clause. Southern states such as Louisiana, the first to institute the statutes, enacted grandfather clauses even though they knew these statutes violated the U.S. Constitution, so they put a time limit on them in hopes that they could register white voters and disenfranchise black voters before the courts overturned the laws. Lawsuits can take years, and Southern lawmakers knew that most African Americans could not afford to file lawsuits related to grandfather clauses. Grandfather clauses weren’t just about racism. They were also about limiting the political power of African Americans, most of whom were loyal Republicans because of Abraham Lincoln. Most Southerners at the time were Democrats, later known as Dixiecrats, who had opposed Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. But grandfather clauses weren’t limited to Southern states and didn’t just target Black Americans. Northeast states like Massachusetts and Connecticut required voters to take literacy tests because they wanted to keep immigrants in the region from voting, since these newcomers tended to back Democrats during a time when the Northeast leaned Republican. Some of the South’s grandfather clauses may have even been based on a Massachusetts statute. The Supreme Court Weighs In: Guinn v. United States Thanks to the NAACP, the civil rights group established in 1909, Oklahomas grandfather clause faced a challenge in court. The organization urged a lawyer to fight the state’s grandfather clause, implemented in 1910. Oklahoma’s grandfather clause stated the following: â€Å"No person shall be registered as an elector of this state or be allowed to vote in any election held herein, unless he be able to read and write any section of the Constitution of the state of Oklahoma; but no person who was, on January 1, 1866, or any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under any form of government, or who at that time resided in some foreign nation, and no lineal descendant of such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote because of his inability to so read and write sections of such Constitution.† The clause gave white voters an unfair advantage, since the grandfathers of black voters had been enslaved prior to 1866 and were, thus, barred from voting. Moreover, enslaved African Americans were typically forbidden to read, and illiteracy remained a problem (both in the white and black communities) well after slavery was abolished. The U.S. Supreme Court decided unanimously in the 1915 case Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses in Oklahoma and Maryland violated the constitutional rights of African Americans. That’s because the 15th Amendment declared that U.S. citizens should have equal voting rights. The Supreme Court’s ruling meant that grandfather clauses in states such as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia were also overturned. Despite the high court’s finding that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional, Oklahoma and other states continued to pass laws that made it impossible for African Americans to vote. The Oklahoma Legislature, for example, responded to the Supreme Court ruling by passing a new law that automatically registered the voters who’d been on the rolls when the grandfather clause was in effect. Anyone else, on the other hand, had only between April 30 and May 11, 1916, to sign up to vote or they would lose their voting rights forever. That Oklahoma law remained in effect until 1939 when the Supreme Court overturned it in Lane v. Wilson, finding that it infringed on the rights of voters outlined in the Constitution. Still, black voters throughout the South faced huge barriers when they tried to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Even if African Americans managed to pass a literacy test, pay a poll tax, or complete other hurdles, they could be punished for voting in other ways. After slavery, large numbers of blacks in the South worked for white farm owners as tenant farmers or sharecroppers in exchange for a small cut of the profits from the crops grown. They also tended to live on the land they farmed, so voting as a sharecropper could mean not only losing one’s job but also being forced out of one’s home if the landowner opposed black suffrage. In addition to potentially losing their employment and housing if they voted, African Americans who engaged in this civic duty could find themselves targets of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. These groups terrorized black communities with night rides during which they would burn crosses on lawns, set homes alight, or force their way into black households to intimidate, brutalize, or lynch their targets. But courageous blacks exercised their right to vote, even if meant losing everything, including their lives. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated many of the barriers that black voters in the South encountered, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. The act also led to the federal government overseeing voter registration. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is credited with finally making the 15th Amendment a reality. Sources â€Å"Along the Color Line: Political,†Ã‚  The Crisis, volume 1, n. 1, November 11, 1910.Brenc, Willie. The Grandfather Clause (1898-1915). BlackPast.org. Greenblatt, Alan. â€Å"The Racial History Of The ‘Grandfather Clause.’† NPR 22 October, 2013.Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. Basic Books, 2009. United States; Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George; Thomas, Kenneth R. The Constitution of the United States of America:  Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002. Government Printing Office, 2004.

Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essays

Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essays Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essay Dads should Take Parenting Leaves Essay Introduction It is normally believed that male parents should be offered paternity or paternal leave from their Organizations because it gives them the chance to link with the kid while supplying female parents a piece to bring around and loosen up. A male parent being on parental leave besides helps when the female parent is retrieving or affected by post-partum depressive upsets. It gives the female parent an chance to acquire back to day-to-day work and non worry about seeking for an appropriate child care centre at the minute. Fathers should hold the experience and joy of feeding. shouting. vesture. bathing and comforting their kids. It can give the female parent clip to her and the ability to take attention of her personal demands. while giving male parents the opportunity to give a assisting manus around the house. It is non a fact that dad’s merely attention for their occupation. Their purpose towards paternity foliages shows their heartiest concern and strong bonding of household so it is really of import for a strong household relationship and for the interest of kid improvement attending given by male parent gives him bravery and assurance in the early growth age. The turning heads of kid flourishes and lighten up with a particular value and qualitative clip given by male parent. Thesis Statement: Paternity leaves of male parents a extremely important for both. a adult female and freshly born kid Parental leave for male parents must be specified because it gives male parents a fantastic experience to bond with their kids. gives female parents a opportunity to mend after holding a babe. and helps the new male parent feel excess involved in fostering their kid. Maternity leave refers to the period of clip that a new female parent takes off from work following the birth of her babe. Mat ernity leave is normally created signifier a assortment of benefits that include ill leave. holiday clip. holiday. short term disablement ; personal yearss and unpaid household leave clip. It is of import to be after the pregnancy leave so that the pregnant adult females and their household make non see any unexpected fiscal challenges and they can do the most of their clip with the babe ( Yonkers. Kimberly A. . et al 403 ) . There are hazards any clip a adult female gives birth. For an illustration: cesarian birth has a greater hazard and a longer recovery clip than a natural birth. A cesarian birth occurs through an scratch in the abdominal wall and womb instead than via the vagina. There has been a regular addition in cesarian births over the old 30 old ages. More than 1 in every 4 adult females is expected to see a bringing through cesarian operation. The yearss following a cesarian birth can be the most ambitious times for female parents and households. After a bringing. a female parent needs to let her organic structure to mend and rest. Preferably. this means small or wholly no house-work or running after small 1s. If a adult female have other kids at place. recovery entirely would be really hard. Having a support squad to assist with the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities is needed. This is the most needful clip for a partner to be at place to assist with the recovery every bit good as the neonates attention. With individual parents this becomes more of a challenge. A individual parent would necessitate to enroll her support squad from friends. household. and church members. Individual male parents are an often-overlooked group in American society. Their Numberss. nevertheless. go on to increase. Harmonizing to the National Centre for Fathering. the figure of individual pas in the U. S. has at least twofold since 1980. to about 1. 6 million. and the figure of individual male parents continues to turn twice every bit fast as the figure of individual female parents ( Nomaguchi and Melissa 356 ) . With a individual male parent there is no recovery clip needed but the challenge of t aking attention of a newborn remains. As mentioned above kid birth does transport hazards and one of the hazards can ensue in decease. Now the neonate has one parent. the male parent. This male parent will necessitate the clip to care for the newborn and acclimatize himself to being a individual parent. A survey done in Scandinavia by Andrea Doucet. a professor of Sociology and Woman Studies at the Brock University in Canada. indicates that: In 1980. merely 5 % of Swedish male parents took parental leave. Ms. Doucet points out that ten old ages subsequently. it rose 7 % . It was merely when non-transferable and well-paid leave for male parents ( besides referred to as the daddy month ) was introduced in 1996 that uptake rapidly rose to 77 % . Another daddy month was applied in the twelvemonth 2002 and the statistics have increased to above 90 % . We don’t know what this all [ finally ] leads to. but what it certainly leads to is male parents being more invested in the household. Dr. Doucet said. Every male parent I have interviewed who’s taken leaves merely admirations at the clip. It merely lets them to be involved in the household and allows them to acquire out of the rut of working full-time. which is instead something that work forces are merely get downing to see †¦ [ and ] which is of import since women’s employment rates are acquiring increased in an exponential way ( Galtry. Judith. and Paul 219 ) . The major important factor is the wellbeing of the kid. The first six hebdomads of a newborns life consist of changeless eating and monitoring. With the female parent in a convalescence period. it is difficult to pick up the kid and travel to the physician assignment or for a simple food market shop tally. Having a male parent place to assist with these jobs will assist the female parent to retrieve rapidly so that she can return to work on agenda. Plants Cited Galtry. Judith. and Paul Callister. Assessing the Optimal Length of Parental Leave for Child and Parental Well-Being How Can Research Inform Policy? . Journal of Family Issues 26. 2 ( 2005 ) : 219-246. Nomaguchi. Kei M. . and Melissa A. Milkie. Costs and wagess of kids: The effects of going a parent on adults’ lives. Journal of matrimony and household 65. 2 ( 2003 ) : 356-374. Yonkers. Kimberly A. . et Al. The direction of depression during gestation: a study from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. General infirmary psychopathology 31. 5 ( 2009 ) : 403-413.

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR Assignment

A Critique of Personality Fit in NASCAR - Assignment Example (1), Pp. 25-35. The study was carried out in an attempt to determine whether the personality fit between the drivers of NASCAR and their major sponsors affects the outcome of consumer attitudes in terms of sponsorships to the sponsor. The study also intended to determine whether the consumer attitudes towards the brand and the purchase intentions are affected by the personality fit between drivers and their sponsors. A literature review on NASCAR was carried out and it was noted that all fans of NASCAR normally choose their favourite driver based on the driver’s personality. It was also noted that the drivers are normally used as brand endorsers and they normally represent the brands of their sponsors. The review also notes that the drivers are normally branded with the brand name of their sponsors in that their uniforms, helmets and their cars bear the names of the brands. A theoretical framework was also presented in relation to event sponsorship and celebrity endorsements. The hypothesis adopted by the researchers is related to the congruence theory and they noted that people are more likely to process, store and remember information if it is related to information they have seen before. The hypothesis used in this study suggests that the response of customers to advertisements or sponsorships is significantly affected by the similarity of the endorser and the brand personality.

Strategic Magagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Magagement - Essay Example The company that is going to be discussed is Apple—most notably because Apple just did appoint a new CEO. Steve Jobs is now no longer the CEO. Instead that post will be taken over by Tim Cook, who was second-in-command. This is the implementation plan for Apple that emphasizes each of the eight components of strategy execution, which will be described in depth herein. Apple’s strategic business unit (SBU) could probably be best defined by its various technologies (the MacBook, iPod, and iPhone)—so we will focus on those elements for right now in terms of what will work as a strategy versus what won’t. Every manager has an active role. Every manager at Apple will continue to have the most of the same levels of responsibility that he or she was managing before the change of the CEO. Some responsibilities, however, may shift in terms of what is expected of each manager. Some managers at the Apple Genius Bars, for example, may have to relinquish control to higher-ups, and also do some work of the incoming recruits—thus having to be more adaptable to any new company policy. There is no proven â€Å"formula† for implementing particular types of strategies. Apple does not claim to have any corner on the market when it comes to product development, per se; rather, Apple has an ingenuity that defies definition. To say that there is no proven formula for success is partially untrue. There are certain guidelines which help make sure that a product line will have success, and that is what will be discussed more in-depth in the next section. there are definitely guidelines within the Apple corporation about how to implement new business strategies. Apple culture dictates that, although there are set guidelines, but no one need be so strictly adherent about the policies that it overrides creativity within the corporation. There are usually several ways to proceed that are capable

AT&T Breach of Contract Suit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AT&T Breach of Contract Suit - Research Paper Example After Verizon AT & T mobility services is the second largest wireless data and voice carrier in the United States. American journal on wireless voice and data carriers, 2011, shows that the company gives its services to an estimated 95 million people nationwide. Summary of facts The plaintiff a customer of the defendants received an extra charge for his cell phone bill and from then on began to suspect the company was not doing things right. The plaintiff had subscribed for defendants offer low-end data plan. As per the plan he paid fifteen dollars per month for using 200 MB data for use in his i-Phone, which as the plaintiff claimed, he never surpassed. The plaintiff was however charged an extra 15 dollars in one of his monthly bills, for 23 MB data which was above his allotted 200. The plaintiff then started investigating the defendants. He hired an independent consulting firm to help him in the investigations. The investigations revealed that the defendant’s bill overstated systematically web server traffic by seven percent to fourteen percent for the i-Pad and i-Phone users. In some of the cases investigated it was found that that the web traffic could be even overstated by 300 percent. The consulting firm alleged to have taken a new i-phone and disabled all push notifications and the location services, did not configure to an email account and generally closed all the application. After ten days according to the defendant’s data plan the phone had allegedly used 2,292KB of data. The defendants denied the allegations. Proceedings and issue in the lower court The plaintiff on the same day he served the defendants with his law suit filed a motion for orders appointing as the interim co-lead counsel of the potential class (others affected by the overbilling). This was decided to be improper and premature and was denied. The court found the motion improper at that particular stage under the Federal Arbitration Act. This is because the defendants h ad already stated that he move the court seeking to compel the dispute to arbitration. In that case the plaintiff’s motion did not give the defendant time to determine whether the case should be taken to arbitration. The court founding was that the Federation Arbitration Act expressly precluded consideration of any matters of merits when arbitrarily had been raised. The defendant responded by filling a motion to compel arbitration of the dispute as per the terms of the arbitration provision in the wireless service agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant. The suits was filed in January was however stayed pending the Supreme Court’s ruling of in the conception case. After the ruling of the Supreme Court in the Conception Case, the complainant filed an amended complaint. The complaint included 5 causes of action. The main contentious issue at the hearing by the trial court was whether or not it was appropriate to compel the dispute between the parties to arbitra tion and stay of the case during arbitration. The defendant argued using the precedence of AT & T Mobility LLC v Conception and contended that the plaintiff could not in any way avoid arbitration. Lower court ruling and reasoning The trial court ruled in favour of the defendants and ordered that the matter be referred to arbitration. The plaintiffs appealed against this decision. In its ruling the court found that the contract governing the agreement between the defendant and the plaintiff contained an express provision referring any disputes between the

Residential broadband market overview Essay Example for Free

Residential broadband market overview Essay Limestone is a rock of which was once the bones and shells of sea animals. These died and collected as sediments at the bottom of seas, oceans and lakes. Chemical name: Calcium carbonate Chemical formula: CaCo3 Alternative names: Chalk, marble Limestone can be used to prepare a number of new materials. For this to happen limestone must undergo endothermic decomposition. Thermal decomposition is used on a large scale in industry to manufacture chemicals. When limestone undergoes thermal decomposition it produces Quicklime (CaO) Quicklime is produced in refractory-lined kilns. In most kilns, limestone is fed in at the top of the shaft and quicklime is drawn from the bottom. Air is blown in at the base and burns with fuels part of the way up the kiln. The products of combustion of the fuel is mostly carbon dioxide gas which escapes through vents at the top of the shaft. Various fuels are used e. g. coil, oil, natural gas and coke depending on the local fuel costs. The temperature created by these fuels reaches over 1000? C in the middle of the kiln. Most modern kilns produce up to 300 tonnes/day of quicklime. Most quicklime is sold as a granular product but there is a growing market for the finely crushed solid. Limestone is one of the worlds most common minerals. Because it is cheap and readily available it forms an important part of many other minerals. Once limestone has been converted to quicklime, the quicklime is used to form slaked lime. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is made by adding a little water to quicklime. Powdered limestone:   Put in lakes to neutralize acids in the water Put on soil to neutralize acid soil. All rocks are made up of different minerals. In other words, minerals are the chemical constituents of rocks although you cant easily tell what their chemical composition is from their names. Sedimentary rocks are made of sediment formed when all other types of rock wear down (erosion) or break down because of the effects of weather (weathering). The particles of rock are transported by water or wind or ice to a low point on the earth (a sea or a valley). Gradually, over millions of years, they are converted to rock. The particles of rock form layers of sediment. Gradually more and more layers form on top of each other over thousands of years. The weight of the layers on top causes the bottom layers to be pressed together or compressed so the particles fuse together. This is called CEMENTATION. Over millions of years the layers of rock build up into what are called strata. Particles can be rubbed of sedimentary rock because it is the softest type of rock. Different sized particles form different kinds of rock. Very fine particles like mud form mudstone. Larger grains like sand form sandstone. Gravel and pebbles form conglomerates. Sedimentary rocks like Shale can be formed under the sea also. The shells from millions of tiny marine animals can build up on the sea floor. These shells are made from calcium carbonate. When these shells become slowly compressed together they form the rock limestone. When acid is added to this rock, it fizzes. As sediments collects, the bodies of plants or animals fall into them. The bodies become buried and gradually turn to rock as there is no oxygen gas to allow them to rot. Over millions of years these bodies turn into fossils. Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks. When liquid rock is beneath the surface of the earth it is called magma, but when it comes out of the ground it is called lava. When they cool, they become solid and form the rocks we call igneous rocks. Magma and lava are made up of compounds called silicates. They are made from the elements silicon and oxygen, as well as other elements like aluminium and magnesium. As the liquid rock cools it forms crystals. The size of the crystals depends on how quickly it cools. Granite is formed when magma cools slowly under the ground so it has large interlocking crystals. This is called an intrusive igneous rock. When lava is erupted from a volcano it cools rapidly in the air so it has small interlocking crystals. This is called an extrusive igneous rock. An example of this type of rock is basalt. The structure of existing rocks can be changed by contact with magma or great pressure from underground. When this happens, the rock is said to have metamorphosed. (This just means changed. ) Any kind of rock can metamorphose. Clay and Shale (which are sedimentary rocks) can be changed by pressure until they become slate. This allows the slate to be split into layers easily. This is one reason why slate can be used for roofing material. If slate is then heated even more and put under more pressure it forms a rock with bands of interlocking crystals. This rock is called Schist. Limestone is turned into marble when the high temperatures underground break up the shells and they then reform as smooth, hard crystals. Scientists think ha the earth has been in existence for about 4500 million years. In the beginning, the surface was liquid, but gradually it cooled enough for a solid crust to form. (About 3700 million years ago). The earth has had an atmosphere of gasses since it was formed but the types and amounts of each gas has changed. The earths crust is much thicker under the continents than under the oceans. Continental crust is about 40km thick compared to 10km for the crust under the oceans. Below the crust is a semi-liquid area called the mantle. The centre of the earth is called the core and it is made of the metals Iron and Nickel. Because different parts of the earths crust are moving slowly in different directions, huge stresses and strains are set up. These can cause the rocks to become tilted, folded (bent) or faulted (split). They may even be turned upside down. Sedimentary rocks are softer than other types of rocks and fold more easily when compressed (squashed). If this happens on a large scale, then Fold mountains like the Alps or Himalayas are formed. A downward dip or fold is called a Syncline and an arch is called an Anticline. Brittle rocks fracture (fault) under stress. The earths crust is not a continuous layer but is made up of many separate units called Tectonic Plates. The plates move by convection currents in the molten rock of the Mantle. This moves the plates very slowly at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Over millions of years the continents have separated to reach their present positions. When an oceanic plate moves below a continental plate, the rock gets very hot and melts to form Magma. This then reaches the surface in Volcanoes. Also, where the oceanic plate moves downwards, a very deep area of sea floor is formed. These types of areas are called Ocean Trenches. Formation of coal and oil: In the carboniferous Era, which lasted 65 million years and ended 280 million years ago: The British Isles was on the equator. The land was tropical forest. Coal was made from dead animals and plants. The plants did not rot because they got covered in mud so no oxygen could get to them. The coal seams were formed by weight of new deposits squashed the tree layers into thin seams. Coal was formed 280 million years ago. Fractional Distillation: When oil is pumped from the ground it is as a thick, black, foul smelling substance called Crude Oil. It is a mixture of chemicals called hydrocarbons. A mixture is just a mix of chemicals. The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into individual chemicals called Fractions by a process called Fractional Distillation. Crude oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons. They can be separated by putting the oil into a fractioning column. The crude oil is heated on its way into the column so that the oil is evaporated. This turns the liquid into a gas. The vapour then moves into the column. The chemicals with the least/most?molecules (more carbon atoms) move to the top e. g. petrol. As the molecules become heavier, their boiling points increase. Once at the correct temperature the vapour condenses to a liquid and is run off. Crude oil contains most fuel and bitumen yet we do not need it all. We need lots of petrol (which contains 5-10 carbon atoms) but we have too much fuel oil etc. (over 70 carbon atoms), so what we do is this. We break up large useless molecules to make small, useful molecules like petrol by a process called cracking. Paraffin is a general name for a group of long hydrocarbons used as fuels. If mixed with pieces of porous porcelain as a catalyst, it can be made to undergo thermal decomposition or cracking. Porous means lots of holes, which gives a large surface area. Thermal decomposition means breaking something down with heat. Fractional distillation of petroleum (crude oil) produces different products because petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The compound in each fraction have similar boiling points. The fractions with higher boiling points tend to contain molecules with more carbon atoms. These bigger molecules are long chained and have larger molecular masses. When these are burnt they produce sooty flames. They are very viscous (syrup-like). As a result there is high demand for smaller molecules and less demand for these massive molecules. The oil industry tries to balance the problems of supply and demand by converting the less saleable fractions into saleable fractions. The main way in which this is done is by the process known as cracking. The reactions are usually carried out at high temperature using a catalyst. We have seen that when large hydrocarbon molecules are broken open, or cracked, they produce smaller molecules like Ethene. It is possible to join lots of Ethene molecules together to form a type of plastic. Simple building blocks like the paper clip (or Ethene) are called MONOMERS. When they are made into a long line of units we call it a POLYMER. The process which converts lots of Monomers to a Polymer is called PLYMERISATION. Common polymers include plastics, fibres and rubber. The elements present in Ethene monomers are hydrogen and carbon. What happens to convert monomers to polymers? Double bond breaks open during polymerisation. The name of the polymer made from Ethene is polyethene. Polyethene is more commonly known as polythene. Another type of plastic is called Polyvinyl Chloride PVC for short, is strong, hard and less flexible than polythene. It is used to make pipes, guttering and electrical insulation. Combustion is another word for burning. Burning is a chemical reaction in which materials react with heat. The equation for burning is: Fuel + oxygen = CO2 + water + energy. If there is not enough oxygen in the air, the fuel dies not burn fully and the poisonous gas Carbon Monoxide is formed. Several people are killed each year due to poisoning by carbon monoxide from badly ventilated gas fires. Some fuels also contain Sulphur e.g. Coal. When this burns, it produces the gas sulphur dioxide. Sulphur + oxygen = sulphur dioxide. When this gas dissolves in rain, it produces acid rain. Waste gases from the exhausts of motor vehicles are also released into the atmosphere. They are also responsible for making the rain acidic and they pollute the air. Oxygen gas is:   Colourless and odourless   Molecules are diatomic   Approx. same density as air.   Essential for combustion and respiration   Reacts with most metals and non-metals to form oxides. Test for glowing oxygen = glowing splint re-lighting. Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. Oxides can be acidic, basic (alkaline) or neutral. The link between the terms alkali and base is that an alkali is a base which dissolves in water. Non-metals form acidic oxides. Metals form alkaline oxides. Many metals and non-metals are found as oxides in the earths crust. They are called ores. When elements react with oxygen it is called oxidation. During respiration and combustion, oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is released back in to he air. All of the air is not used up because plants use up the carbon dioxide and release oxygen when they make their food by photosynthesis or respiration? This process has been happening for thousand of years. However, in the last 200 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased because:   There are many people on earth.   We have burned millions of tonnes of fuel   We have cut down thousands of square miles of forest. The carbon dioxide is acting like a blanket around the earth and it is trapping the heat from the sun, which leads to a raising of the earths temperature. This is called the greenhouse effect. Acid rain is made when acid gases dissolve in rain. Carbon dioxide is made when carbon burns in the oxygen in the air. When coal is burned it releases the gas sulphur dioxide. This also makes acid rain because it dissolves in rain to form sulphuric acid. Inside car engines, the temperature is hot enough to make nitrogen and oxygen join together to make nitrogen oxides. These dissolve in rain to make nitric acid. When acid rain falls on the earth it has the following effects: Stonework on building is dissolved and crumbles away   The water in rivers and lakes becomes too acidic so plants and animals die You could reduce the acid level in rivers and lakes by putting limestone in it. The gases in the atmosphere originally came from volcanoes. The gases produced were carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, argon etc. There is not hydrogen left in the atmosphere because it was so light it evaporated and escaped. Distillation of oil: 1. Vaporisation the thick oil is heated to from vapour/gas 2. Separation lighter molecules move upwards and heavy molecules sink. Lighter molecules move upwards to the coolest region at the top. There is a temperature and density gradient. 3. Condensation the vapour is cooled to form a liquid (or solid).

The Jamaican Dialect Essay -- essays paper

The History and Sociolinguistic development of the Jamaican Dialect The topic of dialects is one which linguistic anthropologists have spent much time studying. Distinctions made between an actual language, a sub-standard variety of that language and an actual dialect are often unclear and the topic of much debate. Recently in the United States there have been many discussions about Ebonics, or Black English. It has been argued that Ebonics is simply a sub-standard form and degradation of English, while others feel that it should be recognized as an African influenced English dialect. One of the most recognizable forms of African-influenced English is that spoken by the people of Jamaica. Linguists and sociologists alike have studied the formation of this dialect over the years, because it is a prime example of language development resulting from cultural influences. By looking at the development of Jamaican speech from a historical perspective we are able to see exactly how the culture of this island has influenced the evolution of this dialect. Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean Island, measuring 146 miles at its widest point. The warm weather, high mountains and broad plains provide Jamaica with diversity in climate and agriculture. The population of Jamaica is estimated to be around two million people, with nearly a half-million living in Kingston, the capital and largest city in Jamaica. Of those residing in Jamaica, 90% are of African descent, with the other ten percent made up of mostly Caucasians, East Indians and Chinese (Barrett 1997:3). Popular culture is heavily influenced by the African heritage, while formal behavior is unmistakably British in style. The unofficial language of Jamaica is English; however th... ...ge, which represents the people of today. This also is a dialect, which has not stagnated but continues to grow and will do so into the future. Perhaps someday it will become a language completely separate from English, a language of liberation free from the influences of White oppressors. Bibliography Barrett, Leonard E. The Rastafarians. Beacon Press, Boston. DeCamp, David The Locus of Language in Jamaica. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Volumes 1,3,6. Pergamon Press, NewYork. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics Volume 3. Oxford University Press, New York. Rasta/Patua Dictionary ed. Ogata, Michio updated by Pawka, Mike 1995. Todd, Loreto Pidgins and Creoles. Modern Englishes. Basil Blackwell Pub. Lmtd., Oxford.Zach, Paul ed.1995 Insight Guides. Jamaica. Hofer Press Pte. Ltd.,Singapore.